认知语用学的焦点问题探索.doc

认知语用学的焦点问题探索 Pragmatics is in a constant state of flux and evolution, there have appeared different perspectives or approaches to pragmatics, such as Dascal (1983) analyzes the field from the standpoint of the philosophy of language, Green (1989/1996) lays particular emphasis on textual pragmatics and more formal aspects of pragmatics, Mey (1993) regards pragmatics the societally necessary and consciously interactive dimension of the study of language, Thomas (1995) argues convincingly for a social, psychological and cognitive approach to pragmatics, Verschueren (1999) lays his emphasis on a general cognitive, social and cultural perspective on language use, while Blakemore (1992) and Sperber & Wilson (1986/1995) take a cognitive approach. On the basis of the above, pragmatics becomes more likely to be considered cognitively involved, although there still exists disagreements on what cognitive pragmatics is and what core issues should be addressed, and the like. Anyhow it is held in the study that cognitive pragmatics focuses on the mental processing of information for communicative purposes and on the interlocutors abilities in terms of which they create and understand meanings beyond the word and sentence levels.In the present study its attention has been concentrated upon the following aspects, which are considered essential in cognitive pragmatics: the cognitive basis of pragmatics, pragmatic modularity, understanding and inference, and the interrelatedness between cognitive and social factors. Firstly, it traces the cognitive basis back to the semiotic study in the 1930s following the evolution of pragmatics, since the cognitive-pragmatic perspective originates in the philosophy of language (Marmaridou 2000). And the relationship between pragmatics and some cognitive disciplines is explored so as to account for the fact that it is of necessity to do pragmatics from the cognitive perspective, and by looking into the essence of the effects of signs, effects of speech acts, and cognitive effects, we can find some congruity among them. The focus is then put on the discussion of modularity and pragmatic module. The notion of module has been influentially explicated in Fodor (1983), in which input systems are claimed to be modular since they possess certain properties. Whether a pragmatic system is modular arises as a focus in the late discussion. Since pragmatics is not the extension of grammar, it is unlikely that there exists a pragmatic code and pragmatics is not a single module either. Thirdly, understanding and inference are analyzed in detail. In understanding utterances the hearer looks not just for an arbitrary interpretation but for the one intended by the speaker, how processing effort is cost for achieving cognitive effects, in line with communicative purposes, is concentrated in the discussion, in which relevance theory is referred to for the account of inferential understanding. Fourthly, how to reconcile the social factors with the cognitive account of communication and the necessity of their integration are touched upon since communication is a paradigm case of social interaction and the theory of communication is that of the most ubiquitous social phenomenon. Besides, inside and at the end of the present study some relevant questions are put forward for further discussion. Key words:       cognitive pragmatics, modularity, understanding and inference, social factorsCorrespondence:  Research Center for Linguistics & Applied Linguistics       语用问题的认知研究是近年来国际语言学界涌现出来的一个新的研究热点与趋势，但什么是认知语用学？虽然目前还未形成统一的定义和理论框架，但这些都不能否认该研究的存在与谈论的必要性。语用模块、认知语境、语用照应与推理等都是语用学讨论中出现的新兴课题，作为对认知语用学的系列研究之一，本文作者首先简要地探讨了语用学的历史渊源和认知基础，因为语用认知研究的出现并非偶然，同时语用学与认知科学之间也存在一定的联系；接着主要讨论了信息处理的语用模块论，是否存在语用模块，这是认知语用学关注的一个主要问题，本文指出语用问题不是模块问题。另外，语用理解与推理也是认知语用学关注的重要问题，在特定语境条件下，听话人需要形成一定的假设才能理解说话人的意图，一方面形成假设的过程是人们推理的过程，也就是一个依赖语境因素的认知过程，另一方面语境必须结合交际事件的社交因素。于是作者重点分析了认知语用观和社交语用观之间的关系，并指出二者之间并非完全对立与排斥。最后本文提出了有关的几个问题，与读者同思索。关键词：认知语用学，模块论，理解与推理，社交因素1语用学的认知基础认知语用学（cognitive pragmatics）这一术语正式出现于二十世纪80年代中后期。语言学家、哲学家、心理学家等越来越关注语言使用中的认知问题，其中很多学者所从事的研究属于认知语用学（Kasher 1988：xiii），其实认知语用研究早在70年代中期就开始了。很多学者从认知心理的角度出发，将语用学视为认知科学的一部分，并认为语用理论是一种交际理论，但同时交际理论又是一种认知理论（Sperber & Wilson 1995; Marmaridou 2000）。那么什么是认知语用学？目前还没有一个完全认同的定义，但这并不能否认认知语用研究的存在，比如指示结构、言语行为、前提以及含意等语用现象的交际意义超出了语言的编码信息，是‘认知心理努力之后’所产生的意义，它们都离不开类似推理这样的信息处理过程，而推理本身就是一个认知过程。所以，有学者认为认知语用学是一门超符号学，“把这种符号和交际意图之间的、在历时过程中逐渐趋向固定化的关系看成‘超符号’关系，研究这种超符号关系的学科就是认知语用学”（熊学亮1999：1），这样的认识自然有其道理，但其概括显得过于