英语毕业论文20=《德伯家的苔丝》悲剧成因探析.doc

英语毕业论文20=德伯家的苔丝悲剧成因探析 Causes of Tragedy of Tess of the DUrbervilles德伯家的苔丝悲剧成因探析AbstractThomas Hardy was a famous critical realistic writer at the turn of the 19th century in England Tess of the DUrbervilles is the most influential one of all his works This novel describes a tragic life about one beautiful and pure girl after disgrace The article describes the society environment then begins to analysis of characters personality and religion factors open out at that time Tesss tragic life is caused by that society and its the result of that time Except this it cant be separated from her own weakness in character because she obviously has the dual nature of the society character-resistance and compromise As a common person Tess fought with the society helplessly In the end she turned out to be the sacrificial victim of society like all other things which disobey the morality and ethicKey WordsTesss Tragedy Social Environment Family Environment Moral ethic Character 摘要托马斯哈代是19世纪英国著名的批判现实主义作家德伯家的苔丝是他最为有影响力的一部巨著该小说主要讲述了一个美丽纯真的少女失身后悲惨的命运文章通过对小说中社会环境的描写再从人物性格和当时的宗教原因着手由此揭露出苔丝悲惨的命运是那个社会所造成的是一个时代思想传统秩序的局限所造成的结果除此之外这与她自身性格的弱点也是分不开的因为她对命运有着反抗的一面也有妥协的一面所以作为普通人的苔丝与当时社会的抗争是无助的最终会像所有一切与道德伦理相悖的事物一样被沦为社会的牺牲品 关键词苔丝的悲剧 社会环境 家庭环境伦理道德 个体性格 IntroductionTess of the dUrbervilles can be regarded as one of the greatest tragedies in prose in the history of English literature Though Hardy mainly writes about the common country people in Wessex southwestern part of England he shows grandeur and dignity in his tragedies similar to what we find in Greek tragedy and his grave and elaborate style contributes to the tragic sense of life Hardy is remarkable for his tremendous power of producing tragedies comparable to classic tragediesTess was a poor peasant girl who wanted to rely on her hands to pursuit individual happiness right but the power forces of society cant letting off a weak girl in the end caused her tragedy In this novel the great intense counter- religion ant feudal moral counter- bourgeoisie law tendencyalthough meet opposition in the English upper society received loving of the common readers Research this novel can let us know the view of morality and ethic in the hypocritical bourgeoisie in the Britains Victorian era Tesss tragedy is due to the moral root of society and the stable view of women chastity in the society which male is center In sharp opposition this view when Hardy guiding Tesss behave of mind the critique spear point refers society and Christian church which protect this view We are feeling that imaging put writers discussion in the Britains Victorian era more than one hundred years ago we amazing the avant-garde mind of Hardy he melted this kind of mind at times when he create Tess this character from that only then entrusts with this image richer connotation and the more profound social critique This book became the one of the most great works in the late of Victorian era because it boldly expose hypocritical moral in the Capitalist society and condemned the Capitalism in the late 19th century caused impoverishment and decay of small farmers in rural England I Introduction of Thomas HardyThomas Hardy 1840-1928 one of the representatives of English critical realism at the turn of the 19th century he was also a poet He is famous for novels of character and Environment His birthplace was in a country which named Egdon in the Westland this natural environment formed the main environment in the Hardys writes His father was a stonecutter but like music his parents paid more attention on Hardys education In his childhood he received the education for theology but when he grew up he turned to learn the literature Hardy left school became a architects apprentice in 1856And then went to Landon became a post of the building draftsman in 1862also in this time he took advanced courses for language in Landon University and began literature creativeHis literature career began with poetry but due to not have the good fortune to publish changed the matter for novel creation His first long novel was published in 1871 the celebrated work was his fourth novel Farm from Madding Crowd in 1874 from then on and he dropped construction industry and devoted to the novel creationThere were early 20 long novels in Hardys life the most famous novels are Tess of the DUrbervilles 1891 Jude the Obscure 1895 The Mayor of Cascetbridge 1901 Hardys works reflected the changed of social economy political moral and tradition when the hypocritical bourgeoisie invaded the countries in England especially exposed womens tragic life and hypocrisy of bourgeoisie morals legal and religiousHis works not only inherited the great tradition of England realismbut also pioneering the way for 20th century British literatureII Background of the NovelThis story happened in the late of Britains Victorian erain this time Capitalist class controlled all right and the law were serviced for them Farmers were at the bottle of the society they had never equal right as the capitalist class Tess as a woman in the Victorian erashe cannot avoided the Hegemony father right consciousness to woman nature understanding and severe social etiquetteAnd the patriarchal social system made women lost their independent statusIn the male consciousness By the Capitalist invasionthose Self-reliant farmers who had a small amount of land and the means of production had followed the insolvencyFemale beauty not only regarded as the "Troubles" but also become an excuse for men to shirk their crimeThe male requests feminine to be loyal and the bodily pure and chaste actually disregards own indulging But in under male power suppression feminine thought pattern also was controlled solidly by this kind of strong trend was even meltingTess of the DUrbervilles was a very influential work of Hardy which told the tragic life story of a beautiful country girl Tess was a poor peasant girl Sented by her mother to claim kindred with a more prosperous branch of the DUrbervilles family she was seduced by the young master of the house Alec and had to return home in disgrace After giving birth to a child who died in infancy she went to work as wage-laborer at a daisy farm at Talbothays There she met Angel Clare a son of clergyman and he felled in love with her and married her On the wedding night Tess and Clare told each other about their pasts and Clare after hearing Tesss confession left her abruptly for Brazil Poverty forced Tess to seek for work and she worked for a long time at a capitalist farm at Flint comb-Ash where she was insulted and oppressed by the master Then the news of her fathers death and the expulsion of her family from their cottage drived her to seek for assistance from Alec and the latter now a preacher soon resumes his former illicit relations with her Angel Clare returned repentant and ready to be reconciled to Tess but the girl found that her living with Alec hinders her from returning to Clare She killed Alec and then was speedily arrested tried and hanged III Two Deep Stratification of the Tess tragedy in the NovelA Family and Society Caused Tesss Tragedy1 Family Background of TessAt the beginning of the novel Tess was a daughter of poverty descent which had once magnificent She was a dairymaid who lived in the country as a daisy on the village roadside beautiful but humble and being with her family was broken up and decimated sixty years ago before the story began And as the writer express emotion Normans descent not for the support of Victoria 1800 the wealth a very inconsequential Distinguished background doesnt bring any benefits to Tess but her tragic life was begunTesss father was a poor countryside hawker who had the natural disposition is lazy and constantly excessive drinking also benighted Tesss mother was a dairymaid who sloppy superstition and mind simplyThey were pitiful creature who chart admires the vanity and listened to depend on the time wind and rain willfully to devastate Just as such terrible patents became the setter of a bad example of Tesss tragedyIn order to showed off own so-called "aristocrat" status and satisfied mere vanity Tesss parents wanted to by "acknowledges as relatives" "marries" to improve own status Although Tess obnoxious parents hypocrisy despised noble origin and persisted thought oneself is peasant familys daughter who living on own labor but she was the oldest in the family parents incompetent made the heavy burden on herself early She loved her little sisters and brothers deeply that cannot cruel enough to looked they suffer hardships Unfortunately when the old horse died what her family living on it Tess great reluctance obeyed the aunt to assign to go for shelter richly adulteration relative with same surname in the result she suffered devastating became the sacrificial victim and the Confucianism criminal which the beast wants Afterwards in order to her family Tess forced to leave native place everywhere the wooden scoop anchors experiences the vicissitudes When end of hills and rivers Tess came back to Alec again for family received in exchange for family members warm and sufficient condition by own human bodyThe God gave Tess a woman of high stations soul let she has the fine dust does not dye unusual refined but the reality actually gave her to fall the soul the family background that made she got rid of between this mortal world incapably all sorts of troubled This kind of spirit extreme is not harmonious with the meat caused Tesss tragic fate2 Hypocritical Capitalism Morals View and Unequal Legal SystemTess was lived in the Victorian era which capitalism invasion the rural England She was a hardworking kind-hearted intelligent and beautiful girlbut regard as a laborer a man of poor agricultural workers she has low social status that naturally will received oppression and humiliation in the capitalist societyResearch this novel we can know at that time in Victoria dynasty time England bourgeois societys moral ethics view Tesss tragedy was due to social morals root mainly is in the masculine central society that kind of firm woman chastity idea In the capitalist society legal regime and moral outlook all were take maintains the exploiting class the benefit and the acknowledgment exploiting class oppresses peoples authority as the premise were serviced for protect reactionary control Alec wildly dominated in the township did all kinds of evil things but she was protected by the law Tess actually is condemned the death penalty This just was explaining bourgeoisie politics system reactionary indicated the unimportant persons in the lower level social class were impossible to obtain the fair treatment in the society We may see in the novel such as Alec this thunder actually receives the bourgeoisie state apparatus and the religious morals protection3 Impoverishment and Decay of Small FarmersThis story has happened in the southern countries of England Small farmers impoverishment and the decay which the writer really describes these which to be hired the farmers and seeks the work These laborers are mercilessly exploited by the rich landownersLet us see the economy condition in the 19th century In the late 19th century the economic crisis took place there in bourgeois world it led to the social change The change made many peasants lose their lands and became peasant workers Large quantities of peasants were bankrupt It is the same with the DUrbervilles Their narrow minds and stupidity make them puzzled The society is so cruel that it does not give them a chance to live and makes them discard their children Tess was born into the family of a poor rural tradesman Her father drinks a lot and doesnt work hard Her mother herself is like a child and never thinks about the future There are many children in their family Her family is poor and when the old horse Prince is killed by accident the economic condition of her family was worse that means the bankrupt of the family Her mother sends her to claim kin with a distant relative of noble DUrbervilles family in the hope of changing the poor and miserable condition of the family Her disjoint from the country leads to her later tragedy the young master Alec seduces her and the following pregnancy compels Tess to return home in disgrace Her tragic life was begunB Characters Analysis in the NovelIn one novel peoples character also takes a very important partin this novel the writer though the environment to describe Tesss tragic fate but the other reasons caused this result is peoples characterAlec and Clare are very closely to Tesss fate Lets focus on Tess first1 Tesss CharacterTess was a daughter of poor peasants had been reduced to a wage laborer Her nature character concentrated reflection human nature industrious and brave is refracting the quality of human natures brave benevolence Tesss beauty and temperament are harmony with the nature she was the natures daughter and her mind which is contaminated after the common custom has not been good and the rich sympathy she never even a fly worms are not cruel enough to injury and a little bird in a cage can make she cry Tess this own character decided she has no ability to protect herself and the efforts required to pay in excess of her endurance The tragedy of her fate set the tone early and the tragedys happen only the problem of time or might different in formTess experienced major changes in human relationships She obviously has the dual nature of the social character- resistance and compromise Tess was in a difficult position but she never spiritless Tess was her parents climb recognize the chip which DUrbervilles family marries this field confirmed blood relations transaction has ruined her pure and chaste and also made Tess doubt her own nature From then on Almost at a leap Tess thus changed from simple girl to complex woman Thomas Hardy 145 Marries the tentative plan is disillusioned Tesss inner asked Womans chastity really time has lost forever has lost All organisms have the ability to restore the source why shouldnt the sole maidens chastity have this kind of ability Thomas Hardy 164 why the sun do shine on the just and the unjust alikeThomas Hardy184Treat with the bad young man Alec Tess revolts constantly Although she became a disgrace woman she always holds an inviolable attitude to Alec She dropped originally may enjoy easy and comfortable life fostered the child lonely Periphery discriminates the judgment has not certainly frightened her she silently endured the unfair in the life In order to after because the child who gives birth to die can be peaceful she does not attend to blaspheme the canon own begins to the child to execute the baptism Although life gave her only attack and disastershe all can tenaciously endure and undertake and never set the excessive request to the life The second time Tess meet Alec jus