被子植物分类(桔梗科、菊科)课件.ppt
第十三章、被子植物分类(11),十八、桔梗科十九、菊科,2023/3/27,十八、桔梗科(Campanulaceae),识别特征:多年生草本,含乳汁。花两性,花冠种状雄蕊与花冠裂片同数。子房下位,常3室,朔果。,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,桔梗(Platycodon grandiflorus花通常数朵生于枝端,有柄;萼齿三角状披针形,花冠兰紫色,顶端尖锐。,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,桔梗(Platycodon grandiflorus花通常数朵生于枝端,有柄;萼齿三角状披针形,花冠兰紫色,顶端尖锐。,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,桔梗(Platycodon grandiflorus,2023/3/27,党参(Codonopsis pilosula),2023/3/27,党参(Codonopsis pilosula),2023/3/27,2023/3/27,羊乳(Codonopsis lanceolata)轮叶党参,根入药为党参的替补品,2023/3/27,羊乳(Codonopsis lanceolata)轮叶党参,根入药为党参的替补品,2023/3/27,羊乳(Codonopsis lanceolata)轮叶党参,根入药为党参的替补品,2023/3/27,风铃草(Campanula medium),2023/3/27,多歧沙参(Adenophora wawreana):叶无柄,花萼裂反折,大圆锥花序有多级分枝。,2023/3/27,多歧沙参(Adenophora wawreana):叶无柄,花萼裂反折,大圆锥花序有多级分枝。,2023/3/27,多歧沙参(Adenophora wawreana):叶无柄,花萼裂反折,大圆锥花序有多级分枝。,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,铜锤玉带草 Pratia nummularia(Lam.)A.Br.et Aschers.,2023/3/27,铜锤玉带草 Pratia nummularia(Lam.)A.Br.et Aschers.,2023/3/27,铜锤玉带草 Pratia nummularia(Lam.)A.Br.et Aschers.,本科识别特征,常为多年生草本,含乳汁。单叶互生。花两性,常辐射对称,花冠钟状。雄蕊与花冠裂片同数,花药分离或结合。子房下位,常3室。蒴果。,2023/3/27,十九、菊科(Asteraceae,Compositae),代表植物解剖 蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum)向日葵(Helianthus annuus),被子植物(Angiosperm),2023/3/27,蒲公英花解剖,蒲公英头状花序纵切,蒲公英植株,2023/3/27,蒲公英,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,蒲公英花解剖,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,向日葵,2023/3/27,非洲菊,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,代表植物解剖 蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum),识别要点:草本;叶互生;头状花序有总苞;合瓣花冠;聚药雄蕊;雌蕊由2心皮合生,子房下位,1室,1胚珠;连萼瘦果。常有冠毛。,花程式:*K(2)C(5)A5G(2:1:1),二十三、菊科(Asteraceae,Compositae),被子植物(Angiosperm),2023/3/27,菊科(Asteraceae,Compositae),识别特征:头状花序,有总苞,合瓣花冠,聚药雄蕊,子房下位,连萼瘦果,屡有冠毛。,指菊科植物的果实,其果实有花托和花萼参与,在成熟时宿存的花萼变化成为瘦果的毛、刺、钩或鳞片,它们与瘦果连在一起,具有协助种子传播的作用。(瘦果:由1-3心皮发育而来的小型闭果,果皮坚硬,仅含一粒种子,成熟时果皮与种皮仅在一处相连,易于分离。),2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,菊科的分类,1 筒状花亚科:凡头状花序全为筒状花;或边缘花为假舌状花、漏斗状,而盘花为筒状花,植物体不含乳汁常见及重要植物。,2舌状花亚科:整个花序全为舌状花,植物体有乳汁。,常见及重要植物,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,1、,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,豚草(Ambrosia artemisiifolia Linn.)原产北美。现为我北部常见入侵种。,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2、,2023/3/27,菊花(Dendranthema morifolium),秋菊,2023/3/27,菊花(Dendranthema morifolium),秋菊,2023/3/27,菊花(Dendranthema morifolium),秋菊,2023/3/27,菊花(Dendranthema morifolium),秋菊,2023/3/27,菊花(Dendranthema morifolium),秋菊,2023/3/27,菊花(Dendranthema morifolium),秋菊,2023/3/27,野菊(Dendranthema indicum(Linn.)Des Moul.),2023/3/27,3、,2023/3/27,向日葵(Helianthus annuus),2023/3/27,向日葵(Helianthus annuus),2023/3/27,4、,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,本亚科其他代表植物,2023/3/27,天名精(Carpesium abrotanoides L.),2023/3/27,2023/3/27,大蓟(Cirsium japonicum),2023/3/27,千里光(Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham.)多年生草本,分枝呈蔓生状,全草入药,清热解毒、祛腐生肌。清肝明目。,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,金光菊(Rudbeckia laciniata),黑眼菊。,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,红花(Carthamus tinctorius),2023/3/27,红花(Carthamus tinctorius),2023/3/27,矢车菊(Centaurea cyanus L.)边花漏斗状,观赏,2023/3/27,向日葵,矢车菊,蜡菊,雪莲,2023/3/27,蓝刺头,苍耳,豚草,菊芋,紫茎泽兰,2023/3/27,紫茎泽兰 原产中美洲现对我国海南和西南各省尤其是西双版纳地区威胁最为严重的陆生植物。因传播速度太快,故名飞机草;因解放前后传入我国,故又称为“解放草”。现已广泛分布于海南、云南、广西、贵州、四川的很多地区,并以很快的速度向北推移,目前飞机草和紫茎泽兰在我国的发生面积近3000万公顷。它们在其发生区总是以满山遍野密集成片的单优植物群落出现,大肆排挤本地植物、侵占宜林荒山、影响林木生长和更新;并侵入经济林地,影响栽培植物生长;还堵塞水渠,阻碍交通。对西南地区尤其是云南省宝贵的生物资源构成了巨大威胁,大批当地的野生名贵中药材因此失去了生存环境。目前国内以化学防治和人工防治为主,虽然进行了替代控制和生物防治研究,但没有得到实际应用。,2023/3/27,泽兰(Eupatorium lindleyanum),2023/3/27,小蓬草(Conyza canadensis),小飞蓬,小白酒菊,2023/3/27,百日菊(Zinnia elegans)对叶菊,步步登高,2023/3/27,大丽花(Dahlia pinnata),2023/3/27,2023/3/27,秋英(Cosmos biplinnatus),大波斯菊,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,柳叶鬼针(Bidens cernua),2023/3/27,万寿菊(Tagetes erecta),2023/3/27,金盏菊(Calendula officinalis)金盏花,2023/3/27,魁蓟(Cirsium leo),2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,一枝黄花(Solidago virgaurea),2023/3/27,胜红蓟(Ageratum conyzoides),藿香蓟。,2023/3/27,山马兰(Kalimeris lautureana),山野粉团花。,2023/3/27,紫菀(Aster tataricus),2023/3/27,2舌状花亚科:整个花序全为舌状花,植物体有乳汁。,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,亚洲蒲公英(Taraxacum asiaticum),戟叶蒲公英,2023/3/27,苣荬菜(Sonchus brachyotus),2023/3/27,苦荬菜(Ixeris sonchifolia),抱茎苦荬菜,2023/3/27,苦菜(Ixeris chinensis),山苦菜,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,苦苣菜(Sonchus oleraceus L.),2023/3/27,2023/3/27,1、为什么说菊科植物是被子植物中最为进化的类群?2、菊科为什么能成为被子植物第一大科?3、有哪些特征表现出菊科植物的进步性?它对环境的适应有何意义?,2023/3/27,菊科的进化特征(高级性),1、菊科植物大多为草本,有短的生活周期,在生态上有大的可塑性。2、部分种类具块茎、块根、匍匐茎或根状茎,有利于营养繁殖。3、菊科的头状花序,有利于昆虽传粉等。4、绝大多数为虽媒花,且通常为异花传粉。5、在得不到昆虽传粉时,又能进行自花传粉如艾蒿属等。6、果实有由花萼组成的冠毛、剌、鳞片等有利于果实(种子)的传播。,2023/3/27,2023/3/27,莴苣、菊花,向日葵,头状花序总包围,下位子房结合药,萼变冠毛果常飞。,2023/3/27,