食物热量与体重控制课件.ppt
1,食物熱量與體重控制,台大醫院歐陽鍾美 營養師,2,如何確知是否肥胖?,體脂肪:一般而言,男人體脂肪超過25%,女人超過30%皆認為是肥胖 測量方法最準確的作法是將個體在水中稱重 測量身體若干部位的皮下厚度是利用脂肪不導電的原理,以傳入微弱無害的電流藉以測量體脂肪。,3,容易計算且不需儀器的方法,體重身高對照表(weight-for-height tables)體質指標(body mass index;BMI),4,體重身高對照表,5,肥胖的定義,身體質量指數(Body Mass Index;BMI)BMI=體重(kg)/(身高;m)2 例如:身高160公分,體重50公斤,BMI:501.61.619.5 肥胖:BMI 27,6,行政院衛生署91年4月公告國人成年人體重過重及肥胖的定義,7,兒童與青少年肥胖定義,8,行政院衛生署91年4月公告國人成年人肥胖的定義,9,決定肥胖的因素,遺傳(Genetics)環境(Environment)生理因素(Physical factors)心理因素(Psychological factors)內分泌因素(Endocrine disorders),10,Obesity Therapy,Adipose tissue,Energy Intake,Energy Expenditure,11,Obesity/Energy Balance,Energy requirement=30kcal x Wt Net energy=Energy intake Energy expenditure 500 calories per day weight 0.51 kg per week,12,體重控制的方法,飲食控制 運動 生活型態改變 藥物 外科手術 其他,13,飲食控制,減少熱量攝取 選擇低油的烹調方式 選擇低熱量食物 選擇高纖食物 避免含糖飲料,14,兒童熱量需求計算,以理想體重計算100 x 10+50 x(20-10)+20 x(wt-20)例:理想體重為35公斤 100 x 10+50 x(20-10)+20 x(35-20)=1800(大卡),15,成年人熱量需求計算,以輕度工作者為例:30 卡 x 理想體重=熱量需求另可依目前體重狀況與活動量調整,16,現代人的文明病,肥胖心臟血管疾病腦血管疾病糖尿病高血壓高脂血痛風,17,體重控制,減少熱量攝取(飲食控制)增加熱量消耗(運動),18,熱量計算,1 公克 醣類(碳水化合物)=4 大卡 1 公克 蛋白質=4 大卡 1 公克 油脂=9 大卡 1 公克 酒精=7 大卡 1 公克 水=0 大卡,19,含700卡熱量食物,混合食物有那些?那些較建議食用?,20,含800卡熱量食物,混合食物有那些?那些較建議食用?,21,運 動,Sedentary=BMR X 1.2(little or no exercise,desk job)Lightly active=BMR X 1.375(light exercise/sports 1-3 days/wk)Mod.active=BMR X 1.55(moderate exercise/sports 3-5 days/wk)Very active=BMR X 1.725(hard exercise/sports 6-7 days/wk)Extr.active=BMR X 1.9(hard daily exercise/sports&physical job or 2X day training,i.e marathon,contest etc.)Men:BMR=66+(13.7 X wt in kg)+(5 X ht in cm)-(6.8 X age in years)Women:BMR=655+(9.6 X wt in kg)+(1.8 X ht in cm)-(4.7 X age in years),22,Light Activity(50 to 200 KCals per hour),Lying or Sleeping(80 kcals/hour)Desk Work(110 kcals/hour)Driving(120 kcals/hour)Fishing(130 kcals/hour)Sitting(100 kcals/hour)Standing(140 kcals/hour)Housework(180 kcals/hour),23,Moderate Activity(200 to 350 KCals per hour),Bicycling-Pace:5.5 mph(220 kcals/hour)-Pace:11 mph(440 kcals/hour)-Pace:16.5 mph(660 kcals/hour)Bowling(270 kcals/hour)Golf-Golf cart:150 kcals/hour-Walking:300 kcalks/hour Swimming at 0.25 mph(300 kcals/hour)Walking(approximately 100 calories per mile)Pace:2 mph(150 kcals/hour)Pace:4 mph(330 kcals/hour),24,Strenuous Activity(over 350 kcals/hour),Dance-Slow Step:300 kcals/hour-Square Dancing:350 kcals/hour-Fast Step(Aerobic):490 kcals/hour Racquet Sports-Badminton(350 kcals/hour)-Racquetball Singles(775 kcals/hour)-Squash or Handball(600 kcals/hour)-Tennis Singles(420 kcals/hour)Running(approximately 100 calories per mile)-Jogging:5 mph(640 kcals/hour)-Moderate:6 mph(750 kcals/hour)-Fast:10 mph(1200 kcals/hour)Shoveling(400 kcals/hour)Skating at 10 MPH(400 kcals/hour),25,適當運動建議的決定與實行,美國公共衛生局建議:在1週中多數的日子,甚至每天累積30分鐘或更長時間的中度運動 每小時快走3-4英哩被認為是中度運動,而散步則不是 中度運動包括:步行、游泳、騎腳踏車、割草、打掃房子和修理房子。日常生活中累積中度運動的策略包括:爬樓梯、步行取代短程的交通工具、看電視時踩固定式腳踏車及清掃庭院的落葉。運動的建議應強調頻率的重要性,26,診斷(評估),治療(介入),體重控制流程,效果(評價),27,肥胖,行為,環境,教育,流行病診斷,行為與環境診斷,教育診斷,診斷(評估),28,行為與環境之診斷,晚上一定吃完宵夜才睡覺(B)找不到適當的餐廳吃低熱量食物(E)常吃油炸食物如炸雞腿等(B)家裡的伙食太油膩(E)教育程度(E)不覺得肥胖會對健康影響很大(B)覺得自己有點胖但不是太胖(B)想減肥但不知道那裡有辦減肥班?(E),29,教育的診斷,Predisposing factors(內在,傾向)knowledge,attitudes,beliefs,values,motivation,self-efficacy,psychological domain,socio-demographic factors.Enabling factors(能力)Availability,accessibility and affordabilityReinforcing factors(增強)Social support,peer influence,advice and feedback by health care providers,physical consequences of behavior.,30,教育的診斷,不知道那些食物含熱量高(Knowledge)無法改變家裡的伙食(Enabling)應酬太多(Enabling)不知道如何製作低熱量食物(Skills)缺乏醫療人員支持與建議(Reinforcing)不覺得減重可改善健康狀況(Predisposing)沒有錢付減重班的學費(Enabling),31,治療(介入),Educational SettingHigh risk population in community/institutionHigh risk population at hospitalGeneral population for obesity preventionEducational Programs(duration,F/U)Individual/group teachingIndividual nutrition counseling/assessmentIndividual behavioral/psychosocial counselingSupport groupEducational materials(教材)Types of materialsFactors in choosing materialsEducational methods(方法),32,Educational Materials(教材),Types of materialVideotapesSlide/tapesBooklets/BooksProgrammed instructionAudiotapes,Computer-assisted instructionTV/Radio,Newspaper,Newsletters,PostersBrochures/FlyersFactors in choosing materialApplicabilityEase of useReading levelEase of obtainingCost,33,Educational Methods(方法),Individual skill sessionsIndividual counseling sessionsIndividual content sessionSmall-group content sessionsSmall-group skill sessionsSupport groupsLarge-group discussionlectures,34,治療(介入),健康飲食觀念(knowledge)熱量計算(knowledge)低熱量食物烹調(skills)記錄飲食(self-monitoring)行為修正(behavior modification)設定目標(set realistic goal)回饋(reward),35,行為改變的治療,36,評價(Evaluation),效果如何?(體重減輕或減少肥胖發生)短期效果?(Wt,Bp,Lipid profile)長期效果?(Relapse or Maintenance)經濟效益?(Cost-effectiveness),