3459.C 山东省加工贸易转型升级对策研究 外文文献及翻译.doc

China's processing trade undergoing a rapid transformationProcessing trade refers to the business activity of importing all or part of the raw and auxiliary materials, parts and components, accessories, and packaging materials from abroad in bond, and re-exporting the finished products after processing or assembly by enterprises within the mainland. It includes processing with supplied materials and processing with imported materials. Under processing with supplied materials, the imported materials and parts are supplied by the foreign party which is also responsible for selling the finished products. The business enterprise does not have to make foreign exchange payment for the imports and only charges the foreign party a processing fee. Under processing with imported materials, the business enterprise makes foreign exchange payment for the imported materials and parts and exports the finished products after processing.Since the processing trade policy was implemented in late 1970s, the processing trade in China has been developing in a sustained and rapid manner; the total volume of exports and imports in the form of processing trade increased from US$2.5 billion in 1981 to US$831.9billion in 2006, up by nearly 333 times, and its proportion in foreign trade increased from 5.7 percent to 48.6 percent.The Department of Mechanic, Electronic and Hi-Tech Industry of the Commerce Ministry of PRC stated that what was more satisfactory than an increase in quantity was that as the processing trade developed continually and rapidly, the transformation and upgrading of processing trade had been accelerated. More and more foreign-funded enterprises transferred their processing and manufacture with a higher technology level and a larger appreciation content to China; influenced by the technology and management spillover effects in processing trade, more and more Chinese companies had speeded up their technology improvement and industrial upgrading.The industrial structure in processing trade has been continuously optimized.During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the export value realized in the processing trade of mechanic and electronic products amounted to US$928.2 billion, accounting for 70.7 percent of the total processing trade export value and 74.0% of the total export value for mechanic and electronic products; such an export value is 2.4 times more than that in the Ninth Five-Year Plan period with an annual growth rate of 29 percent, which is 1.2 times the growth rate for China's processing trade export value during the same period of time. China has become the largest producer and exporter of mechanic and electronic products like mobile phones, home appliances and laptops in the world. In 2005, 99.9 percent of the laptops manufactured in China, 99 percent of the color video projectors and the microcomputers manufactured in China, 98 percent of the plasma color TV sets manufactured in China, 97 percent of DVD players manufactured in China, and 96 percent of the ships manufactured in China were exported in the form of processing trade. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the export value realized through the processing trade of hi-tech product amounted to US$543.8 billion, accounting for 41.4 percent of the total processing trade export value and 87 percent of the total export value for hi-tech products; such an export value is 4.5 times more than that in the Ninth Five-Year Plan period with an annual growth rate of 41 percent and 1.7 times the growth rate for China's total export value realized in the form of processing trade during the same period.In 2006, the respective export values realized in the processing trade of mechanic and electronic products and hi-tech products amounted to US$391.32 billion and US$245.84 billion, the proportion of which in the total export value realized in the form of processing trade were respectively 76.7 percent and 48.2 percent, up 1.6 percentage points and 1.4 percentage points year on year respectively.The regional distribution of processing trade has been somehow ameliorated. Firstly, the processing trade in the middle and western parts of China developed fast though it started rather late there. In 2005, the total export value and total import value realized in the form of processing trade in the middle and western parts of China added up to US$14.95 billion, 1.6 times more than that in 2000 with an annual growth rate of 23 percent, a bit faster than the growth rate for China's processing trade as a whole. Secondly, the product structure of the processing trade in the middle and western parts of China has also been somehow ameliorated. In 2005, the export value realized in the processing trade of mechanic and electronic products in the middle and western parts of China was US$3.07 billion, 2.2 times more than that in 2000 with an annual growth rate of 26 percent, and the proportion of such an export value in the export value realized in the form of processing trade in the middle and western parts of China was 33 percent, 7 percentage points higher than in 2000. Thirdly, the processing trade in coastal areas, in which the Pearl River Delta once seized an absolute proportion, is gradually developing in the Yangtze Delta and the Bohai Rim. In 2005, the processing trade in Guangdong Province accounted for 42.3 percent of the gross in China with a decrease of 10.3 percentage points than in 2000; during the same period, the proportion seized by Jiangsu Province amounted to 21.3 percent of the gross in China with an increment of 11.3 percentage points and that seized by Shanghai amounted to 12 percent of the gross in China with an increment of 2 percentage points.In 2006, there realized a respective export value of over US$1.7 billion through processing trade in Henan, Anhui and Hubei, three provinces in the middle and western parts of China; various provinces like Jiangxi, Sichuan, Hubei, Anhui and Yunnan saw a growth margin of over 65 percent for their exports through processing trade.The industry chain of processing trade has been extending continuously. First of all, the carrying forward services for deep processing for the purpose of processing trade presents a trend of rapid development, its scale is getting increasingly larger and it occurs more and more frequently. In the second place, as the processing trade kept extending towards independent research and development along its industrial chain, more and more research and development centers have been built up. Till now, foreign companies have set up over 750 research and development centers in China; nearly 40 transnational corporations have established regional HQs in China.As introduced by personnel in charge in the Department of Mechanic, Electronic and Hi-Tech Industry, the Ministry of Finance, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Commerce, the General Administration of Customs, and the State Administration of Taxation jointly issued the Circular on Adjusting the Tax Refund Rate of Some Export Commodities and Supplementing the Commodities Catalogue Prohibited form Processing Trade on September 15, 2006 so as to guide the transformation and upgrading of processing trade in China; on November 3, 2006, the Ministry of Commerce, the General Administration of Customs and the State Environmental Protection Administration jointly published the 2006 82nd Announcement to get commercial products the tax refund for which were cancelled and certain commodities processed at a low level that will result in a serious pollution and consume a large amount of resources and energy enlisted in the Catalogue of Prohibited Commodities in Processing Trade.In the Catalogue of Prohibited Commodities in Processing Trade issued this time, priority has been given to commodities the tax refund for which were cancelled, which include 804 commodities belonging to various (ten-digit) tax item numbers and account for 6.5 percent of the total number of tax item numbers for export and import products. The import of 77 commodities is prohibited, and such commodities are mainly those the import of which is prohibited in international pacts or that will produce serious pollutions when being processed, including tiger bones, ores, ore residuals, and fiber waste; the export of 503 commodities were prohibited, and such a group is mainly made up of primary raw materials for deep processing like planks, sulfur, soil, and stone materials, and metal raw materials, but enterprises importing such commodities as raw materials for their processing trade will continue to enjoy the bonded treatment; both the export and import of 224 commodities were prohibited, and such commodities are mainly commodities processed at a low level, resulting in serious pollutions and consuming a large amount of resources and energy, like coal, pitch, flammable gases and pesticides.Personnel in charge from the Department of Mechanic, Electronic and Hi-Tech Industry believed that the new Catalogue of Prohibited Commodities in Processing Trade mainly involved highly resource-consuming chemical and smelting products with serious pollutions; and the gross processing trade will not be greatly affected as the processing trade of mechanic and electronic products account for 75 percent of the gross for China at present.Materials and parts imported in bond must be re-exported after processing, and enterprises may not sell their bonded materials and parts or finished products in China. If such goods have to be sold on the domestic market for special reasons, approval must be obtained from the commerce authorities in charge of processing trade at provincial level as well as Customs. Business enterprises and processing enterprises must promptly pay the tariffs and VAT exempted on the imported materials and parts if these goods are sold domestically, whether the import settlement is in renminbi or in foreign currency. For commodities subject to import restriction or import licensing, enterprises should apply for approval in arrears from the authorities concerned and obtain the necessary import approval documents or import licence. The commerce authorities in charge of processing trade at provincial level will verify the enterprise's application and import licence issued by the relevant import administration organ and issue a Domestic Sale Approval Certificate for Bonded Materials and Parts for Processing Trade (i.e. Domestic Sale Approval Certificate), specifying the corresponding import licence name and number in the "remarks" column. With this Domestic Sale Approval Certificate and the valid licence whose number is specified therein, Customs will proceed with taxation for domestic sale and verification and cancellation procedures in connection with processing trade. If an enterprise is unable to submit the import licence issued by the relevant import administration organ, the commerce authorities in charge of processing trade at provincial level may still issue the Domestic Sale Approval Certificate once Customs proceed with the verification and cancellation of the processing trade handbook after levying on the enterprise duties and interest thereon and a penalty ranging from 30% to 100% of the declared value of the imported materials and parts.With a view to strengthening supervision of processing trade by means of modern management methods and facilitating the development of new and high technology industries, the former MOFTEC and General Administration of Customs (GAC) jointly promulgated the Interim Measures for the Administration of Online Supervision and Approval of Processing Trade Enterprises on 25 October 2001. The measures provide a simplified framework for the administration of enterprises participating in the online system.According to the measures, these "online enterprises" engaged in processing trade are exempt from the customs duty deposit system. The commerce authorities would no longer examine and approve their processing trade contracts and would only appraise their qualification for carrying out processing trade, business scope and processing capabilities.Online enterprises applying for permission to engage in processing trade should submit to the commerce authorities their financial proofs and application materials. These include: business licence (copy), approval certificate of online enterprise issued by Customs, Registration Form for import-export rights or FIE approval certificate (copy), record of passing the joint annual appraisal (except newly established enterprises without such record), original of processing trade enterprise production capability certificate issued by the local commerce authorities at county-level or above, proof of the online enterprise's export performance in the previous year (copies of customs declaration forms or processing trade contract verification/cancellation forms), brief profile of the enterprise and the raw materials and parts it imports and the products it exports, and checklist of business scope.Upon receipt of an online enterprise's application, unless the processing trade activities involved are prohibited by the state, otherwise the commerce authorities would grant approval and issue an approval certificate to the online enterprise to engage in processing trade. Based on this certificate, Customs will set up a processing trade electronic account for the online enterprise concerned and implement online supervision. The online enterprise may then import raw materials and parts and export products within the approved scope中国加工贸易正在迅速转变加工贸易是指进口全部或部分原辅材料，零部件，配件的部分商业活动，并从国外债券的包装材料，再出口成品的企业在内地加工或装配后的产品。它包括来料加工和进料加工处理。根据来料加工，进口的材料和由外方也是为负责销售的成品来件。该企业不必为进口付汇，只收取外方的加工费用在进料加工，使企业的进口料件和出口成品加工后产品的外汇支付。 由于加工贸易政策是在70年代后期实施，在中国加工贸易发展的持续和快速的方式，出口和进口的加工贸易方式总额增加至美国在1981年25亿美元和831.9百万美元 2006年，增长近333倍，其比例由外贸增长百分之5.7至百分之48.6。 在机械，电子和高科技方面，中华人民共和国商务部产业部指出，比一个多数量的增加更令人满意的是，随着加工贸易不断发展和迅速的转化和加工贸易转型升级已经加快。越来越多的外商投资企业转让其加工和制造具有较高技术水平和更大增值含量，在中国，以技术和加工贸易管理的溢出效应，越来越多的中国公司的影响，加快了技术进步和产业升级，使中国在加工贸易的产业结构不断优化。 在第十个五年计划期间，在机械和电子产品方面的加工贸易出口值实现了总额为92820000万美元，是机械和电子产品的出口值占整个中国加工贸易出口总额总数的为70.7和74.0;这样的出口价值是第九届五年计划期间2.4倍，增长了二成，为我国加工贸易出口总值的增长率在同时期的年增长率的1.2倍。中国已成为世界上最大的生产商和诸如移动电话，家电和世界的笔记本电脑的机械和电子产品出口国。2005年，在中国生产的笔记本电脑，彩色视频投影机和在中国生产的微型计算机，等离子彩电等百分之99.9都是在中国制造，中国制造的DVD播放机以及在中国制造的船舶出口中在加工贸易方式中分别占据百分之97，百分之96。在第十个五年计划期间，通过高新技术加工的产品的加工贸易总额出口值实现为543800000000美元，占高新科学和技术产品总数的加工贸易出口总值和出口总额的百分之四十一点四和百分之八十七，这类出口价值和第九个五年计划期间相比，是它的4.5倍，在中国的出口总额中同比增长了百分之41，加工贸易方式实现的同一价值的增长速度年均增长率为以前的1.7倍，进入了一个相对增长的时期。 2006年，在机械和电子产品和高新技术产品这三方面，加工贸易出口价值总额分别体现为3913亿美元，2000万美元和2458.4亿美元，对其中在总出口中，加工贸易方式实现价值的比例分别为百分之76.7和百分之48.2，比去年同期分别上升1.6个百分点和1.4个百分点。 加工贸易区域的布局有所改善。首先，在中国中部和西部地区加工贸易的快速发展虽然起步较晚，但是在2005年，进出口总额和进口总额中，加工贸易在中国的中部和西部地区的出口总额的实现增加至14.95亿美元，和2000年相比，是他的1.6倍，同比增长一个百分之二十三，年增长速度要快于中国的整体加工贸易的增长速度。第二，在中西部地区加工贸易产品结构中国也有所改善。2005年，机械和电子产品的加工贸易在中部和西部地区的出口价值实现了三十零亿七千万美元，是美国的增长2.2倍，较2000年的增长率，以及相对的比例等在中对中国的中部和西部地区加工贸易的出口值的形式