百货商店选址调查与商圈分析.doc

百货商店选址调查与商圈分析有关人口数和家庭人口之组成，可参考选址地域街道办事处和派出所存档的户藉人口数和人口普查资料。所需调查的项目包括：1常住人口数2家庭及构成 3人口密度4教育程度5从事行业6自然增加率7社会增加率8家庭人均收人9白天流动人口数10年龄构成1家庭年支出及支出结构现就一些主要项目分述如下：1家庭人口及收入水平家庭状况是影响消费需求的基本因素。家庭特点包括：人口、家庭成员年龄、收人状况等。如每户家庭的平均收入和家庭收人的分配，会明显地影响未来商店的销售。如所在地区家庭平均收入的提高，则会增加家庭对选购商品数量、质量和档次的要求。家庭的大小也会对未来的商店销售产生较大影响。比如一个两口之家的年青人组成的家庭，购物追求时尚化、个性化、少量化；而一个三口之家的家庭(有一个独生子女)，则其消费需求几乎是以孩子为核心来进行。家庭成员的年龄也会对商品具有不同需求。比如，老龄化的家庭其购物倾向为购买保健品、健身用品、营养食品等；而有儿童的家庭则重点投资于儿童食品、玩具等。2人口密度一个地区的人口密度，可以用每平方公里的人数或户数来确定。一个地区人口密度越高，则选址商店的规模可相应扩大。要计算一个地区的白天人口，即户藉中除去幼儿的人口数加上该地区上班、上学的人口数，减去到外地上班、上学的人口数。部分随机流入的客流人数不在考察数之内。白天人口密度高的地区多为办公区、学校文化区等地。对白天人口多的地区，应分析其消费需求的特性进行经营。比如采取延长下班时间、增加便民项目等以适应需要。人口密度高的地区，到商业设施之间的距离近，可增加购物频率。而人口密度低的地区吸引力低，且顾客光临的次数也少。3客流量一般在评估地理条件时，应认真测定经过该地点行人的流量，这也就是未来商店的客流量。人流量的大小同该地上下车人数有较大关系。上下车客人数的调查重点为：各站上下车乘客人数历年来的变化。上下车乘客人数愈多的地方愈有利。上下车乘客人数若减少，又无新的交通工具替代的情况下，商圈人口也会减少。根据车站出入的顾客年龄结构，可了解不同年龄顾客的需求。一般而言，调查人口集聚区域是企业选择立地的重点。如：·居住人口集聚区。如新建小区、居民居住集中区等。·日常上班的场所、学校、医院等，乃白天人口集结之场所，也就是人口聚集地区。火车站、汽车站、地铁站等是人们利用交通工具的集结点，也是人口聚集之处。体育场、旅游观光地及沿途路线也是人们集聚活动的场所。4购买力商圈内家庭和人口的消费水平是由其收入水平决定的，因此，商圈人口收入水平对地理条件有决定性的影响。家庭人均收入可通过入户抽样调查获取。比如北京西郊某商厦在立地之初，就对周围商圈一至二公里半径的居民按照分群随机抽样的方法，抽取出家庭样本2000个。经过汇总分析，这2000户居民中，人均收入在月千元左右的约占50，5001000元的占 20，10001500元的占20，人均月收入500元以下的10；人均月收入2000元以上的约占10。由此说明，该地区居民大都系工薪族家庭，属于中等收入水平。企业在选择立地时，应以处于青年和中年层顾客，社会经济地位较高，可支配收入较多者居住区域作为优先选址为佳。商圈分析的内容和步骤一.商圈形态商圈形态的了解是进行商圈分析的基础，一般而言，商圈形态可分为以下几种：商业区。商业行业的集中区，其特色为商圈大，流动人口多、热闹、各种商店林立。其消费习性为快速、流行、娱乐、冲动购买及消费金额比较高等。住宅区。该区户数多，至少须有1000户以上。住宅区的消费习性为消费者群稳定，便利性、亲切感、家庭用品购买率高等。文教区。该区附近有大、中、小学校等。文教区的消费习性为消费群以学生居多、消费金额普遍不高、休闲食品、文教用品购买率高等。办公区。该区为办公大楼林立。办公区的消费习性为便利性、外食人口多、消费水准较高等。混合区。住商混合、住教混合。混合区具备单一商圈形态的消费特色，属多元化的消费习性。二.商圈的确定对现有商店商圈的大小、形状和特征可以较为精确地确定。在国外，一般用信用证和支票购物，可由此查知顾客的地址、购物频率、购物数量等情况，国内可以通过售后服务登记、顾客意向征询、赠券等形式搜集有关顾客居住地点的资料，进而划定商圈。但是对于一家尚未设立的连锁店铺而言，由于缺乏商圈统计的基本资料，当然更谈不上顾客的支持程度了。因此在从事商圈设定的考虑时，可以针对设店地区居民的生活形态及具有关连性的因素为出发点，并配合每天人口的流动情形，深入探讨该地区人口集中的原因，以及其流动的范围，以此作为基本资料来从事商圈的设定。尤其是一家大规模的连锁经营企业，其商围的设定并不像一般小型商店是徒步商圈，可能顾客会利用各种交通工具前来，因此其商圈乃属于特性商圈，所以对于设店地区内工作、学习的人的流动性、购物者的流动性、城市规划、人口分布、公路建设、公共交通等均要加以观察，并配合各有关的调查资料，运用趋势分析以进行商圈设定。三商圈分析的内容与步骤商圈分析的内容主要由以下部分组成：(1)人口规模及特征：人口总量和密度；年龄分布；平均教育水平；拥有住房的居民百分比；总的可支配收入秾格昵戈弄;人均可支配收入；职业分布；人口变化趋势，以及到城市购买商品的邻近农村地区顾客数量和收入水平。(2)劳动力保障：管理层的学历、工资水平；管理培训人员的学历、工资水平；普通员工的学历与工资水平。(3)供货来源：运输成本；运输与供货时间；制造商和批发商数目；可获得性与可靠性。(4)促销：媒体的可获得性与传达频率；成本与经费情况。(5)经济情况：主导产业；多角化程度；项目增长；免除经济和季节性波动的自由度。(6)竞争情况：现有竞争者的商业形式、位置、数量、规模、营业额、营业方针、经营风格、经营商品、服务对象；所有竞争者的优势与弱点分析；竞争的短期与长期变动；饱和程度。(7)商店区位的可获得性：区位的类型与数目；交通运输便利情况、车站的性质、交通联结状况、搬运状况、上下车旅客的数量和质量；自建与租借店铺的机会大小；城市规划；规定开店的主要区域以及哪些区域应避免开店；成本。(8)法规：税收；执照；营业限制；最低工资法；规划限制o(9)其它：租金；投资的最高金额；必要的停车条件等下面对上述内容作一具体分析。 先看人口特征分析。关于商因内的人口规模、家庭数目、收入分配、教育水平和年龄分布等情况可从政府的人口普查、购买力调查、年度统计等资料中获知。可从商业或消费统计公告中查到特定商品的零售额、有效购买收入、总的零售额等资料。再看竞争分析。在作商圈内竞争分析时必须考虑下列因素：现有商店的数量，现有商店的规模分布，新店开张率，所有商店的优势与弱点，短期和长期变动以及饱和情况等。任何一个商圈都可能会处于商店过少、过多和饱和的情况。商店过少的商圈内只有很少的商店提供满足商圈内消费者需求的特定产品与服务；商店过多的商圈，有太多的商店销售特定的产品与服务，以致每家商店都得不到相应的投资回报；一个饱和的商圈商店数目恰好满足商圈内人口对特定产品与服务的需要。饱和指数表明一个商圈所能支持的商店不可能超过一个固定数量，饱和指数可由公式求得。IRSC×RERF式中 IRS商业圈的零售饱和指数；C商业圈内的潜在顾客数目；RE商圈内消费者人均零售支出； RF商圈内商店的营业面积。假设在商国内有10万个家庭，每周在食品中支出25元人民币，共有15个店铺在商国内，共有144000平方米销售面积。则该商圈的饱和指数为IRS100000×25144000￥1736这一数字越大，则意味着该商圈内的饱和度越低；该数字越小，则意味着该商圈内的饱和度越高。在不同的高圈中，应选择零售饱和指数较高的商圈开店。第三是对商圈内经济状况的分析。如果商圈内经济很好，居民收入稳定增长，则零售市场也会增长；如果商圈内产业多角化，则零售市场一般不会因对某产品市场需求的波动而发生相应波动；如果商圈内居民多从事同一行业，则该行业波动会对居民购买力产生相应影响，商店营业额也会相应受影响，因此要选择行业多样化的商圈开业。商圈分析的步骤一般可分为以下几步：第一步是确定资料来源，包括销售记录分析、信用证交易分析、邮政编码分析、调查等。第二步是确定调查的内容，包括购物频率、平均购买数量、顾客集中程度。第三步是对商业圈的三个组成部分进行确定。第四步是确定商困内居民人口特征的资料来源。第五步是根据上述分析，确定是否在商圈内营业。最后要确定商店的区域、地点和业态等 。Editor's note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the world's first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, I've still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, you'd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. I'm anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.It's like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line "we" would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and "capcom" (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, "Fearless Felix" will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, he'll be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes it's not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it won't. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way I'd miss this.