教师招聘考试中小学英语教师基础知识资料(1).docx

教师招聘考试中小学英语教师基础知识资料 官方微信：【zjjsks】 教师招聘考试：中小学英语教师基础知识资料 第一篇 词法 一、 名词 (一) 知识概要 名词的概念在不同的语法教课书中有不同的解释和分类方法，但就实际应用来讲还是不要过分地追求其理论概念，而更多的要把注意力放在其应用上来。我们不妨把 它分为两大类：专有名词与普通名词。顾名思义，专有名词是指：个人、事物、机关等所专有的名称，如，the Great Wall， America它们是不能随意变动的。而普通名词中则包括个体名词，如pen, worker它表示单一的个体人或事物；集体名词，如：family,class， team,它表示的是由若干个个体组成的集合体；物质名词，如：water,paper它表示的是一种物质，原材料；而后一种是抽象名词， 如:work, time它表示着一种在实际生活中看不见、摸不到，但却与实际生活紧密相关的某些动作、状态、品质的抽象概念。见下表。 名词一览表 种类 专有名词 London, John, the Communist Party of China 普 通 名 词 类名词 nurse, boy, worker, pencil, dog, table 集体名词 class, family, army, police, team, people 物质名词 water, steel, glass, cotton, wood, sand 抽象名词 happiness, love, work, life, courage, honest 功用 主语 My family is now in New York. 表语 His father is a scientist. 宾语 We love our great motherland. 官方微信：【zjjsks】 宾语补足语 He made London the base for his work. 定语 The girls are making paper flowesrs. 状语 The car cost him 1000 dollars. 同位语 Mr Brown, a famous scientist, will come here. 名词在使用中的难点在于名词的数，即可数名词与不可数名词的实际应用。不可数名词不能用数字计算，所以它通常只有单数形式。它包含有专有名词、物质名词、 抽象名词等，如：English,air,water,cotton,work可数名词是可以用数量加以计算的名词，所以它具有单数形式和复数形式两 种。可数名词复数形式的构成规律是： 1. 一般情况加s,如：penpens, doctordoctors,boyboys,其读音规则是在清辅音后读s，在元音和浊辅音后读z。如:mapmap ， boyboys. 2. 在以s,sh,ch,x结尾的名词后面加es，如：busbuses,classclasses,其读音为iz。 3. 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s，其读音为iz。 4. 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，要将y变为i再加es，读作z，如：factoryfactories,countrycountries, familyfamilies.但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s，如:boyboys,daydays。 5. 以o结尾的名词的复数形式一般要加es，但如果o前面是元音字母或外来词，缩写词以o结尾的则只加s，如：tomatotomatoes,heroheroes;photophotos,radioradios,pianopianos 6. 以f或fe结尾的名词的复数形式要将f或fe变为v再加es，如：knifeknives, leafleaves, 但有些例外的词如roof的复数形式是roofs。 7. 不规则名词的复数形式是要单个记忆的，它没有规律可循，如:manmen,womanwomen, childchildren, footfeet,toothteeth, mousemice 8. 单复同形的名词有：fish, sheep,deer 9. 单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people,police等。 名词还有格的变化，其主格可作主语，宾格可作宾语。还有所有格，用来表示人或物的所有， 以及领属关系。表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加's其复数形式是s'，如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加's，如：a student's room, students' rooms, Children's Day.在表示时间、距离、世界、国家名词的所有格要用's，如： 官方微信：【zjjsks】 a twenty minutes' walk.但无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构，如：the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers 析名词除了在句中作主语、宾语、表语外，还可以用来修饰另一个名词，这时作修饰词的名词一般要用单数形式，如：shoe factory (鞋厂),post office(邮局),evening paper (晚报),night school (夜校),head master (校长),a law school (法律学院)。但也有例外，如:a goods train(货车),sports meeting (运动会)。 误My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning. 正My mother bought two fish for supper this morning. 析英语中有些名词单复同形，如：fish, deer, sheep, Chinese (中国人), means (方法)。所以应讲one fish, two fish, one Chinese, two Chinese. 如果讲There are five fishes in the pool.应译为池中有五种鱼而不是五条鱼。 误Mary expressed her thank to her boy friend. 正Mary expressed her thanks to her boy friend. 析英语中有些名词只有复数形式，如： thanks, greens， 而有些词单数形式与复数形式有不同的词意。如:clothes 为衣服，而cloth则是布， sand沙子，而sands是沙滩。 误I offered my son my congratulation on his success. 正I offered my son my congratulations on his success. 析英语中表示祝贺的词虽有单数形式，但一般要用其复数形式。如握手为shake hands. 误We have five German in this meeting. 正We have five Germans in this meeting. 析英国人Englishman的复数形式为Englishmen，而German 则要加s，因为它不是由国名与man的组合词。 误There are two As in this word. 正There are two A's in this word. 析在大写字母缩写形式的复数表达法中应加s，但如字母是A、I时，为了防止与As和Is相混，则要用's即A's，I's 误There are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number. 官方微信：【zjjsks】 正There are three 6's and two 3's in my telephone number. 析在小写字母与数字的复数形式表达法中要用's 误We have many woman teachers in our school. 正We have many women teachers in our school. 析一般组合名词变为复数形式时只将词中心词变为复数如： half brotherhalf brothers(同父异母或同母异父的兄弟)daughter in lawdaughtersin law,(儿媳)但要注意的是：man drivermen drivers(男司机) woman doctorwomen doctors(女大夫)grown upgrown ups(成年人) 但是boy student则变为boy students 误Physics are very difficult to learn. 正Physics is very difficult to learn. 析虽以s结尾但只能用作单数名词有：科学，学科名字：Physics. Mathematics politics游戏名称：bowls 专有名称：Niagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布) 其他名词：news(消息，新闻) 误There is a people in the room. 正There is a person in the room. 正There is a man in the room. 析people是复数名词，不可用作单数，如要用来讲一个人时应用a person, a man, a woman。同样的词有police.要讲一个警察时则要用a policeman, a policewoman。 误Where is my shoe? 正Where are my shoes? 析常常只用作复数形式的词有trousers, pants, shorts(短裤)，socks(袜子),shoes, gloves(手套)。但如果只找其中的一个则要指明，这时还是应用单数形式。如：Where's my left glove?(我左手的手套在哪?) 误I paid five pennies for the sweet. 正I paid five pence for the sweet. 析英语中便士有两个复数形式pence用来表达一定数量的钱。而pennies是指一个个的硬币，如：I want to change this note for pennies.我想把这纸币换成硬币。(即一便士一个的硬币)。 误There are many fruit in the shop. 官方微信：【zjjsks】 正There are many fruits in the shop. 析物质名词为不可数名词，但是用来表示种类时则可以用作可数名词，这里应译为各种各样的水果。 误There is a new car. It is Jone's and Mary's. 正There is a new car. It is Jone and Mary's. 析有生命名词的所有格，如果是单数名词则加's如：Mary's car.如果是以s结尾的复数名词则只在s后面加如：teachers' offices.如果是复数名词但不是以s结尾，则只加s，如：children's palace 组合名词的所有格是在最后一个词尾加's如：girl friend girl friend's someone elsesomeone else's a week or threea week or three's如名词后有同位语时，则应加在同位语的词尾上，如：It is my girl friend, Mary's car.要注意的是当两个名词并列时，如表示归两人共同所有，则在最后一个名词后面加's，如果表示分别所有则在两个名词后分别加's，如：This is Mary and Jone's home.即Mary与Jone是一家人。这是他们共同的家。而These are Mary's and Jone's homes.则应译为这里是Mary的家与Jone 的家。 误It is really beautiful. It is a work of nature. 正It is really beautiful. It is a Nature's work. 析无生命名词的所有格应用of结构。但是's形式的所有格可用于以下无生命的名词：表示时间的词：today's newspaper, a twenty minutes' walk, an hour's, rest 表示长度的词：three metres' distance, a boat's length， twenty miles' journey 表示重量的名词：two pounds' weight价格名词：two dollars'worth拟人化的名词：Nature's work, nature's lesson(大自然的教训)及国家、机关、团体、城市等机构性名词：the university's library 误He is an old friend of my father. 正He is an old friend of my father's. 析这是英语中的一种习惯用法而不要根据语法去推理。如：This pen is Tom's. 误My father is a good cooker. 正My father is a good cook. 析一般动词加上er后则转意为执行该动作的执行者，如:teach(教)teacher(老师),think(想)thinker(思想 家),drive(开车)driver(司机),sell(卖)seller(卖物者) 官方微信：【zjjsks】 但不能总是以此类推，比如cook是动词“做饭”。而 cook也可作为名词“厨师”讲，而cooker则为厨具，餐具，即锅、碗、勺等做饭用具。 误The young is dancing there. 正The young are dancing there. 析英文中用定冠词加上形容词表示一类人时应按复数名词，如：the rich 富人，the poor(穷人),the wise 聪明人，但如果用定冠词加形容词来表示事物则要用作单数名词，如：The beautiful is still here.美丽的风景依旧。 误The stories of the book was written many years ago. 正The stories of the book were written many years ago. 析这句话的真正主语应是stories，所以应用复数谓语动词。 误This is one of the EnglishChinese dictionary. 正This is one of the EnglishChinese dictionaries. 析one of意为“之一”，of后面的名词要用复数形式。 误Let's go to uncle Wang for supper. 正Let's go to uncle Wang's for supper. 析uncle Wang's 意为“王叔叔家”，doctor's意为“医院或私人诊所”。 误I think we will make a friend with each other. 正I think we will make friends with each other. 析make friends 为习惯用法，即交朋友。 误I want to tell you much pieces of good news. 正I want to tell you many pieces of good news. 析news为不可数名词，但加了量词之后则要用many来修饰量词，因量词是可数名词，或可以说I want to tell you some good news.因some 即可用在可数名词前，也可用在不可数名词前作形容词，如：I want to tell you some pieces of good news. 误The teacher with five students are coming here. 正The teacher with five students is coming here. 官方微信：【zjjsks】 析要注意由with引出的介词短语不是本句的主语，这与连词and有很大的区别，如：The teacher and five students are coming here. 这里由介词引出的短语仅仅是teacher的修饰语。 误There are a lot of information here, but we don't need them. 正There is a lot of information here, but we don't need it. 析information为不可数名词，而用作代替它的词要用it而不能用them. 误Many a student make the same mistake in the exam. 正Many a student makes the same mistake in the exam. 析many a 加可数名词单数，作主语时其谓语动词应用单数形式，但其意为许多学生。 误The children wear very good cloth to go to school today. 正The children wear very good clothes to go to school today. 析英文中cloth,clothes,clothing是易混之词：cloth是物质名词，意为“布”，没有复数形式，而clothing是指衣物的 总称，也没有复数形式。clothes是指衣服，但没有单数形式，如：This clothing is needed in warm countries. Her clothes are made of fine cloth.英文中的dress则指较正规的服装，如：a school dress 校服，an evening dress晚礼服。 误I like to study the English. 正I like to study English. 析作为一种学科名词前不要用冠词，而作为某一特指学科则要加冠词，如：I like to study history. I like to study the history of America. 误The Browns is going to visit China. 正The Browns are going to visit China. 析定冠词加姓加s，则意为“Brown先生一家人”。所以应用复数谓语动词。此句应译为：Brown先生一家将要访问中国。 (三) 例题解析 1 Lucy and Lilyin the same class. A. am B. is C. are D. be 答案C. 析由and连接两个单数名词作主语时应按复数名词来搭配谓语动词。 官方微信：【zjjsks】 2 Which is the to the bus stop， please? A road B way C street D address 答案B. 析这是考察同意词辨析，road是指较宽阔的大道，意为“乡间公路”，而street意为道路两边的建筑物较高，可视为街道之意，而way则多为要到 达某地所要经过的途径，还可引深为方式、方法。而address则为“地址”。如：There is a car running along the country road. I live at 105 Park street. Can you show me the way to the National Museum? 3 Hurry up!There is time left. A little B a little C few D a few 答案A. 析因time作为时间讲为不可数名词，所以不可用few，a few来修饰。另外，英文的表达法与中文不同，中文讲，快点，时间不多了，而英文要讲，快点，没时间了。因此，要用little而不用a little. 4 How many can you see in the picture? A tomatos B tomatoes C tomato D the tomato 答案B. 析用How many提问时，其名词要用复数形式，而tomato的复数要加es. 5 is the meat. Please? Ten yuan a kilo. A How much B How many C How old D How long 答案A. 析由对话的答语可看出其问句问的是价格。钱数作为整体、价格讲时，不论其值是多少都是不可数名词，要用how much 提问。 6 The boy's name is James Allen Green. So his given name is. A James Allen B Allen Green C James Green D Mr. Green 答案A. 官方微信：【zjjsks】 析英文的习惯与中文不同，中文是姓在前名字在后，而英文则是姓在最后，其第一个名字是由父母所起的，中间的名字可能是父母、教父所起的，但都可称作given name,而姓在英文中是family name. 7 Shanghai is one of the biggestin our country. A city B city's C citys D cities 答案D. 析复音字母以y结尾的单词的复数形式要把y变成i再加es。one of 加名词的结构中的名词应用复数。 8 Would you please pass me? A two paper B two papers C two pieces of paper D two pieces of papers 答案C. 析paper是不可数名词，如讲一张、两张纸时，要用量词piece. 9 September 10th is Day. A Teacher B Teachers C Teacher's D Teachers' 答案D. 10 I only have bread for lunch today. A a bit B a bit of C little D few 答案B. 11 “What would you like, Ann? ”“I'd like two.” A glass of milk B glasses of milk C glass of milks D glasses of milks 答案B. 12 There isn't paper in the box. Will you go and get for me? A any, some B any, any C some, some D some, any 答案A. 官方微信：【zjjsks】 析any用于否定句与疑问句，但如果要表达说话者真心实意希望得到肯定答复时，问句中要用some而不要按一般语法规律用any. 13 June 1st is. A Children's day B children's Day C Children's Day D children's day 答案C. 14 These foreign friends are. A German B Germen C Germany D Germans 答案D. 15 All the students are busy, so of them will go to the cinema. A many B little C a few D few 答案D. 析student是可数名词，而few用于可数名词，意为：几乎没有学生去电影院。 16 There are threeand sevenin the picture. A deers, sheeps B deers, sheep C deer, sheep Ddeer, sheeps 答案C. 析deer与sheep均是单复同形的名词。 17 Whose room is this? It's. A my B Kike's and John's C our D Kike and John's 答案D. 析因为room为单数，所以不可能是Kike的一间与John的一间，应为二者共用的一间房子。 更多相关信息请访问教师考试网 更多教师信息贴心资讯尽在中公浙江教师考试网