教师招聘考试中小学英语教师基础知识资料.docx

教师招聘考试中小学英语教师基础知识资料 官方微信：【zjjsks】 教师招聘考试：中小学英语教师基础知识资料 四、 形容词、副词 (一) 知识概要 形容词的用法很活跃，在英语中用处也很多，但英语中修饰可数名词和不可数名词的修饰语和词组有时不同，要特别加以注意。下面将初中学习阶段中遇到的修饰可 数名词的词和词组归纳如下：many, no, several, some, a few, a lot, lots, plenty, plenty of, a lot of, a large number of, enough。而修饰不可数名词的词或词组如下：much, no, some, a lot, a great deal, lots, plenty, a lot of, plenty of。 其中some, no, a lot of, plenty of既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词。 英语中形容词与副词有原级、比较级、最高级之分，其规则如下： 构词法 原 级 比较级 最高级 加er，或est Tall young taller younger tallest youngest 只加r或st nice large nicer larger nicest largest 重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音 字母时双写该字母加er、est big fat hot bigger 官方微信：【zjjsks】 fatter hotter biggest fattest hottest 不规则变化的形容词或副词： 原 级 比较级 最高级 good better best Well better best bad worse worst badly worse worst many more most most more most little less lest far farther further farthest furthest old older elder oldest eldest 要注意的是许多形容词同时又是副词，如：back, all, alone, either, far, high, slow等。而有些形容词则要经过一定变化才能转为副词，其规律如下： 构词法 形容词 副 词 一般加ly Careful kind 官方微信：【zjjsks】 carefully kindly 尾是y时将y变成i加ly Happy busy easy Happily busily easily 其 他 true terrible full possible shy whole truly terribly fully possibly shyly wholly 在学习过程中要注意其变化。 此外并不是所有副词都可以修饰比较级和最高级形容词。能修饰比较级的有：much, yet, far, still, a great deal, even 和a little. 能修饰最高级的有：the very, much the, far等。 (二) 正误辨析 误 The young likes playing football very much. 正 The young like playing football very much. 官方微信：【zjjsks】 析 定冠词加形容词表示一类人，应作复数看待。而定冠词加形容词表示抽象事物时则要看作单数，如：The beautiful is not always kindness.美丽并不总代表善良。 误 The danger has gone, so the worst are over. 正 The danger has gone, so the worst is over. 析 意为："危险已经过去，最困难的状况已结束。"用定冠词加最高级形容词作主语时应看作单数形式。 误 It is the gold age of the young. 正 It is the golden age of the young. 析 golden在英语中多用于比喻，如：golden hair金发，gulden voice金嗓子。而gold多用于表达金质的，如：a gold bar金条，a gold coin金币，但gold fish 金鱼例外。 误 She is a warm heart woman. 正 She is a warmhearted woman. 析 英语形容词的构词法很多，其中之一是由形容词，或数词，加名词加ed构成，如： warmhoarted 热心肠的，whitehaired 白毛的 误 There is an alive fish in the pool. 正 There is a living fish in the pool. 析 在初中范围内所学到的以a字母开头的形容词一般不能作定语，只能作表语。如：The fish is alive.(鱼还活着)这样的形容词有：alive, alike, alone, asleep, afraid, awake等。 误 The ill man nearly died. 正 The sick man nearly died. 析 ill一般不作定语来形容某人有病，而要用sick，但作表语时则都可以。如：He is ill sick, ill作定语时则另有他意，如：ill luck (厄运)，ill nature(天性恶劣),ill temper(心绪不好) 误 I have important something to tell you. 正 I have something important to tell you. 析 不定代词something, anyone, somebody在用形容词修饰时，形容词应放其后。但要注意thing则不是不定代词，不符合上述规律。如：I have an important thing to tell you. 官方微信：【zjjsks】 误 I'll be free on next Sunday. 正 I'll be free next Sunday. 析 在表达将来时的时候：next Sunday, next week, next year或last Sunday last week, last year前都不加介词。 误 The girl is twoyear old. 正 The girl is two years old. 正 She is a twoyearold girl 析 由连字符连接若干名词、数词组成的形容词，在学习时要记住两点，其一是这些词中的名词都不要用复数形式，如：twothousandword report(两千字的报告)；其二是这样构成的形容词只能作定语，即用于名词之前，而不能作表语。 误 The foreigners like those little beautiful Chinese paintings. 正 The foreigners like those beautiful little Chinese paintings. 析 在名词前若有几个形容词作修饰语时，其顺序如下。 1. 指示代词，定冠词 2. 数量词 3. 性质词 4. 大小 5. 形状 6. 老少，新旧 7. 颜色 8. 材料 但要注意的是英语的习惯是一个名词前的形容词一般不要多于三个。 如： What a pretty little white horse! Those first few short English stories were not difficult to understand. 误 The best way to learn English good is to speak with Englishman every day. 正 The best way to learn English well is to speak with Englishman every day. 析 good是形容词，这里是修饰动词speak的，所以应用副词well，但well作形容词讲时只作身体好。如：He is well.(他身体很好)。He is good.(他是个好人)。 误 The children play on the grass nappyly. 正 The children play on the grass happily 析 多音节y结尾的形容词变为副词时应将y变为i再加ly. 误 The teacher looked angry at the students. 官方微信：【zjjsks】 正 The teacher looked angrily at the students. 析 英语中感观动词后面要接形容词，这时它是修饰主语的，如：The food smells good.食物闻起来很香。The teacher looked angry 老师看起来很生气。 而此句的意思为："老师生气地看着学生"，所以应用副词形式。 误 He worked with me friendly. 正 He was friendly to me. 析 不是所有结尾是ly的词都是副词，但friendly是形容词，这样的词还有lovely, lonely, costly, livelymonthly weekly。但其中有些词既是副词，又是形容词，如：early, hourly, monthly 误 You can speak free in front of your friends. 正 You can speak freely in front of your friends. 析 free作为形容词意为"自由的，有空闲的，免费的"。作为副词讲则是"免费"之意。而freely作为副词则是"自由的，随便的"。这些要注意的词还 有： hard 努力，艰苦 hardly 几乎不 late 迟，晚 lately 最近的，最新的 near 近 nearly 几乎 like 像 likely 几乎 误 They must have arrived till now. 正 They must have arrived by now. 析 by now是用于表达到目前为止某一动作已经发生，所以应用瞬间动词。而till now是强调某一动作一直持续到现在，所以一定要用持续性动词。 must have+过去分词是对过去某一事情所作的肯定推测。 误 Someone called you right now. 正 Someone called you just now. 析 just now有两个意思，其一是"刚才"，其二是"现在"，而right now只能用于现在的状态。just则用于完成时态，如： I have just finished my homework. 误 My father will be back from America at present. 正 My father will be back from America presently. 析 presently有两个意思：其一是最近，不久，其二在美语中是现在之意，与at present相同。而for the present为暂时，如： I teach English in the school for the present. 官方微信：【zjjsks】 误 I'll be back at the moment. 正 I'll be back in a moment. 析 at the moment 其意为"现在，当时"，而in a moment意为"马上过一会"，与in a minute意思相近。 误 The train from Shanghai will arrive here in time. 正 The train from Shanghai will arrive here on time. 析 on time为"准时"，而in time有两个含意。其一是"及时"，如：The doctor arrived in time。其二是"将来，终究"。 误 I met an old friend sometimes last month. 正 I met an old friend sometime last month. 析 Sometime 过去，或者将来某时。 Sometimes 有时 如： Sometimes I go to school by bus.Some time 一些时间 如： I need sometime to do my homework.Some times 几次 如： I went to Shanghai sometimes this month. at times 有时，偶尔 at all times 经常 some other time 改天 误 I had met an old friend three days ago. 正 I had met an old friend three days before. 正 I met an old friend three days ago. * ago 用在时间状语中时，主句中谓语动词一般用过去时，而before用于时间状语时则主句的谓语动词宜用完成时态。 误 He studied very hard. and at the end he passed the exam. 正 He studied very hard, and in the end he passed the exam. 析 in the endat last 意为"最终，终于"，表达经过若干努力而达到的结果。而at the end是在某事的结束时如何如何，如：At the end of class, the teacher gave us some story books。 误 I will come here to help you each three days. 官方微信：【zjjsks】 正 I will come here to help you every three days. 析 every three days 为"每三天"，即每隔二天，而every other day为每隔一天。 误 He didn't go to the cinema yesterday. and I didn't go, too. 正 He didn't go to the cinema yesterday and I didn't go either. 析 英语中表示"也"，有4个字，also, as well, too, either，但either用于否定句中，而前3个用于肯定句中。在肯定句中too与as well一般要用在句尾，而also则可用于句中。如：She went to the party and her boy friend went there too. 又如： I've also read her other novels. 误 We should help the poor girl in anyway. 正 We should help the poor girl in any way. 析 anyway为"不管怎么"讲，"无论如何"，如：What a terrible accident, anyway no one was hurt. any way 为"任何方式"。这种常见的错误还发生在以下几组词中，如： everyday 日常的 every day 每天 faraway 遥远的 far away 远离 altogether 总计 all together 一块，大家一起 already 已经 all ready 全准备好了 误 You can come to the doctor's at anytime. 正 You can come to the doctor's at any time. 析 anytime 是副词 而any time中的time是名词。 误 She said nearly nothing. 正 She said almost nothing. 析 nearly 与 almost的含意相近，在很多场合可以互换，但在否定词前用almost。 误 There are too much mistakes in your homework. 正 There are too many mistakes in your homework. 析 too much 后接不可数名词，如：There is too much water for the flowers. 而too many 后加可数名词，much too 后面加形容词，如：It is much too difficult to learn English well. 官方微信：【zjjsks】 误 It is late enough that we can go home now. 正 It is late enough for us to go home now. 析 要注意的是enough后面一般不接从句而接不定式，或不定式的复合结构：for somebody to do something。 误 The twins are very alike. 正 The twins are much alike. 析 用a为首字母的形容词不能用very修饰，一般要用much来修饰。 误 - How long does he write to his parents? - Once a week. 正 - How often does he write to his parents? - Once a week. 析 英文与中文表达法不同，隔多长时间办一次某事，实际上问的是该事发生的频率，所以要用how often。 误 As soon as I arrive in New York, I'll call up you. 正 As soon as I arrive in New York, I'll call you up. 析 当动词词组的宾语是人称代词时则一定要放于动词之后，如果是名词则可以放在词组其后。 如：I want to watch TV. Please turn on the TV. 也可以讲： Please turn the TV on. 误 He drove quickly his new car. 正 He drove his new car quickly. 析 副词在句中的位置很活，但主要有以下几种用法：实意动词之前，如：He quickly give me the answer. 在be动词之后，如：The little boy is often late for class. 第一助动词之后，如：This book has almost been finished. 在单独使用的be动词和助动词之前，如： Can you help me this afternoon? I certainly can. 但是无论如何也不能将副词置于动词与宾语之间，如果是宾语从句或是很长的名词 词组作宾语则才可以这样用： He heard clearly what the teacher said. 误 The children came late yesterday to the cinema. 官方微信：【zjjsks】 正 The children came late to the cinema yesterday. 析 表示一定长度的时间的副词不应放于句中，可放于句尾。如果表示强调则可放于句首。 误 You have few new books, haven't you? 正 you have few new books, have you? 析 英语中的数量形容词有两组。修饰可数名词的有few(很少，几乎没有)，a few(有一些，几个)；修饰不可数名词的有little (很少，几乎没有)，a little(有一点，有一些)。要注意的是当few和little用于句中时应看作否定句，而 a few 和a little 用于句中时则应看作是肯定句。 误 He spent quite little money on his food. 正 He spent quite a little money on his food. 析 quite a 为一固定用法，其意为"十分，相当，所以"。 quite a fewmany, quite a littlemuch 而only a littlelittle, only a few=few. 误 Do you want to have many bread? 正 Do you want to have some bread? 析 some与any都可以用作形容词、副词或代词，在一般情况下，some用于肯定句，any用于疑问句和否定句，但在希望得到肯定答复时，应用some。 其次是some 可以用来修饰可数名词和不可数名词。 误 Please tell me where the shoes shop is? 正 Please tell me where the shoe shop is. 析 在用名词作修饰词来修饰另一名词时，这个作修饰词的名词应用单数形式，如： a shoe shop 鞋店 a fruit shop 水果店 a book shop 书店 a post office 邮局 a police station 警察局 a bus stop 汽车站 误 He is weak at physics. 正 He is weak in physics. 官方微信：【zjjsks】 析 在表达擅长于作某事时用be good at something, 而其反意词为be bad at something， 但be weak in something。 误 This dictionary is worth to buy. 正 This dictionary is worth buying. 析 be worth 后可接动、名词表达值得作某事，又可接价格、金钱表示值多少钱。 误 Don't afraid of that. 正 Don't be afraid of that. 析 afraid 在英文中是形容词而不是动词。这样的词组还有： be afraid of 害怕 be careful of 小心 be certain of 有把握，确定 be sure of 确信 be glad of 高兴 be sick of 厌恶 be fond of 喜欢 误 The work has already been done well. 正 The work has already been well done. 析 well 与badly作副词时，表示好坏，如果句子是被动语态，则应放在过去分词之前，如：This machine has been badly damaged. 如果句子是主动语态，则应放于句末，如：I did my homework well. 误 We are yet in the classroom now. 正 We are already in the classroom now. 析 already主要用于肯定句，而yet多用于否定句和疑问句中，如： Did you finish it? No. not yet. 误 Look. Here comes he! 正 Look! Here he comes! 误 Look! Here the bus comes! 正 Look! Here comes the bus! 析 在句子开头用Here时，如主语是人称代词则不要用倒装语序，如果主语是名词则要用倒装语序。 官方微信：【zjjsks】 误 She is my older sister. 正 She is my elder sister. 析 elder 和eldest是用来指家庭中兄弟姐妹的长幼关系，而older, oldest 则是指岁数大多少，如：She is three years older than I. 误 I'm tired. I can't go further. 正 I'm tired. I can't go farther. 析 far有两个比较级 farther 较远的，further 进一步的，如：Do you need any further explanation? 你需要进一步的解释吗?当然它也有两个最高级。farthest和furthest. 误 I went to Beijing University five years before. 正 I went to Beijing University five years ago. 析 ago常与过去时连用，而before则多与完成时连用。 误 - Have you finished your homework? - No, not already. 正 - Have you finished your homework? - No, not yet. 析 仍然有三个英文字可以表达它们是already， yet 与 still。 要注意的是 already经常用于肯定句中，如The bus has already gone。 而yet 多用于疑问句和否定句中，如：Have you finished your homework yet? 而still则常用于主语与谓语动词之间，如：We still can't decide what to do. 但也有时用于be 动词之后，如：He is still here. 误 He is very higher than I am. 正 He is much higher than I am. 析 much可以用来修饰比较级，而very则用来修饰形容词原级，如：I'm very tired. 误 - Can I walk to the station?- You'd better not. It is very far. 正 - Can I walk to the station? - You'd better not, It is a long way. 官方微信：【zjjsks】 析 for一般用在疑问句与否定句中，如：How far is it from here to the station? 又如：It isn't far. 误 I've ever been to America. 正 I've been to America once. 析 once 多用于肯定句，而ever则用于疑问句，否定句，及条件状语从句中，如：Have you ever been to London? 误 - Could you pass the exam this time? - No, I am not afraid so. 正 - Could you pass the exam this time? - No, I'm afraid not. 析 在肯定的答语中我们可以用so来代替上句所讲的事件，如：Do you think she is a good student? Yes I think so, /I hope so, /I believe so/ I'm afraid so.但在否定的答语中，英语口语的习惯用法则有所不同，如，I don't think so 而在hope, belive 与 afraid后则常用not， 如：I hope not. 误 She didn't work enough hard, so she couldn't pass the exam. 正 She didn't work hard enough, so she couldn't pass the exam. 析 enough 可以作名词用，如：Enough has been said for how to learn English well. (对于如何学好英语已经讲的足够多了。) 另外它可以作为形容词，如：I have enough money (or money enough) to buy this dictionary. 注意 enough作为形容词时即可放于名词前又可放于名词后，在初中范围的考题中多用于名词之前。如果enough 作为副词用，那么它一定要放在被修饰的形容词或副词之后。 误 You can't be very careful. 正 You can't be too careful. 析 此句话的含意是你如何小心也不过分。tooto的用法是"太以至于不能作某事"。但在实际应用时也常常将后面的to省去，如：It is too expensive for me.那对我来讲是太贵了。 误 He is good past fifty. 正 He is well past fifty. 官方微信：【zjjsks】 析 well 作为副词用时除用于"好"之外还有"大大地、远远地"，等意。往往有人对下面两句的对或错有争议； He is well. He is good. 其实这两句都是正确的表达法，只不过其含意不同。He is well是"他身体不错"，而He is good 则为"他是个好人"。 误 She is not as half clever as her brother. 正 She is not half as clever as her brother. 析 在asas结构中要将修饰形容词的数量词倍数及nearly, almost, exactly 等置于第一个as之前。 误 He is same age as Tom. 正 He is the same age as Tom. 析 the sameas是固定的用法，其中定冠词the是不可省也不能换成别的词的。 误 Mother and her daughter are exactly like. 正 Mother and her daughter are exactly alike. * like 作为介词，其意为"像"，应用于 look like, be like, sound like, 其后要加宾语。而 alike 是形容词，或副词，如: You and I think alike. The twins are dressed alike。 但 alike 仅作表语而不能用于名词前作定语。 误 Who is taller of the two? 正 Who is the taller of the two? 析 两者的比较级之前要加定冠词。 误 I have less books than Tom. 正 I have fewer books than Tom. 析 less 是 little的比较级，而fewer是few的比较级。less后应加不可数名词而fewer后是可数名词。 误 There are three girls in my group. The cleverer is Mary. 官方微信：【zjjsks】 正 There are three girls in my group. The cleverest is Mary. 析 在两者之间应用比较级，在三者之间或三者以上的范围内应用最高级。 误 The boy sat there as quiet as his sister. 正 The boy sat there as quietly as his sister. 析 asas的用法要注意的是：在其中间应加形容词或副词的原级，而不可加比较级，也有的语法书中称为同级比较。要根据句意决定是加形容词还是副词，这要看它具体是修饰动词还是名词而定，如：He is as good as his friend. 误 The harder you study, and you can learn more. 正 The harder you study, the more you can learn. 析 英文中如果要表达越来越怎样，在初中范围有两种表达法：比较级+and+比较级。定冠词+比较级，如：The nights are getting longer and longer。 要注意的是多音节形容词的比较级前要加more，这样的用法是：more and more