语言学60274.doc

I. Review 1. All the following are core of linguistics except _C A. semantics B. phonology C. sociolinguistics D. pragmatics2. In a narrow sense applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language _B_. A. teaching B. system C. policy D. rulesTrue or false? 3. In modern linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to be favored rather than a diachronic one.-YES4. Modern linguistics is descriptive. -YES5. How to understand “Linguistics is a scientific study of language“？-It is based on systematic investigation of linguistic data.6. Why is speech a primary medium rather than writing? -All evidence points to the fact that writing systems came into being much later than the spoken forms and that they are only attempts to capture sounds and meaning on pater. Speech play more important role in our daily life than writing. Writing revised speech. People acquire their mother tongue,and writing is learned and taught later .7. True or false?The Swiss linguist F. de Saussure (father of modern linguistics) in the middle 20th century distinguished langue and parole (both are French words). -False. It should be in the early 20th century.I.Review-21. Why do we have “火车”, train, g, -it means language is arbitrary.2. What is language? Explain your understanding. -language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. - 1,language is a system. 2,language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection betrween a linguistic symbol and what the symbol atands for. 3,language is vocal. 4,the term “human” meant to specify that language is human-specific. 3. What is duality？-Language is a system, which have two levels or structures. At the basic level there is a stucture of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. The units at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into infinite number of sentences. Each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.4. The Design Features of Language was a phrase coined in the 1960's by the American linguist Chomsky. -False. American linguist Charles Hockett.5. Language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level. -yes .6. Because of duality the human speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. -yes.I. Review-31. The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language; and the individual sounds within this range are the _D_ sounds. A. writing B. perceptual C. productive D. speech2.Traditional grammarian tends to emphasize the importance of the written word, partly due to its- BA. performance B. permanence C. productivity D. framework3. How to pronounce voiced sounds? -Vibration颤动 of the vocal cord声带 results in a quality of speech sounds.4. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the _A_ of airstream. A. obstruction B. vibration C. friction D. stop 5. _B_ phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. A. articulatory B. auditory C. acoustic D. English 6. True or false? 1). Of all the speech organs, teeth are the most flexible. -False,it is tongue. 2). There have been over 5,000 languages in the world, about two thirds of which have had written form. False, about 2/3 of which have not had witten form. 3). The transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called broad transcription used for general purposes as can be found in dictionaries, books. Ture. 4). When we classify consonants into affricates, plosives, fricatives we classify them by place of articulation. -False 5). Vowels can not be classified in terms of manner of articulation. Ture.7. Describe voiceless, fricative,dental.8. IPA The International Phonetic Alphabet, main principles are that 2 there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound, and that the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears. the alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary. I. Review: 41. Discuss similarities and differences between phonetics and phonology. -similarity: concerned with the speech sounds. differences: phonetics is of a general natureits interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages. Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.2. Find example(s) of the following terms: aspirated, broad transcription, minimal pair, phoneme, allophone, complementary distribution, assimilation, deletion rule till aspirated, broad transcription, minimal pair, sink p / speak pin/pen /p/ ph people you and me /tIl/4. _D_ are sometimes called “semi-vowels”. A. Nasals B. Velar C. liquids D. glides5. The word “inplausible” is wrong according to _B_rule.A. allophone B. assimilation C. minimal pair D. elsewhere condition6. True or false? (1) Word stress is one of the suprasegmental features. -Ture (2) “Voicing” is not one of the distinctive features. - (3) The long vowels are all lax vowels and the short vowels are tense. -False7. What is an open syllable? -A part of a word that contains a single vowel sound.8. Phoneme音素，音位 or phone? -a phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.a phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.II. Phonetics and Phonology -phonetics is of a general nature;its interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages. Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.I. Review: 51. When we pronounce /green /house, we mean a house colored green. No, its a galss building used for growing plants.2. “-ing“in “looking” is a _B D E . (Multiple answers) A. suffix B. inflectional morpheme词尾变化词素 C. derivational morpheme 派生词素 D. bound morpheme E. morpheme F. free morpheme 3. Generally speaking, _B_ words are closed class words. A. content B. functional C. verb D. morpheme4. What are the three major properties of words? -稳定性，最小单位，5. True or false? (1) The word “because” belongs to the lexical class of words. Yes (2) Generally, when two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category. -Ture (3) Generally, when two words fall into different categories, the class of the second or final word decides the category of the compound. -ture (4) Primary stress falls on the second part of the compound. False,its should be the first one. (5) The meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts. -False6. How many morphemes? Free/bound, root/affix/stem, or inflectional/derivational morpheme? Dissimilated Dis-simil-at-ed 7. Morpheme: the most basic elemant of meaning is called morpheme.8. True or false? (1). A root must be a free morpheme. -Ture (2). Generally speaking, functional words are closed class words. -Ture(3)The smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be further divided into smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. -I. Review: 61. True or false? (1) Generally, when two words fall into different categories, the class of the second or final word decides the category of the compound. Ture (2) Primary stress falls on the second part of the compound. False (3) The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts. -Ture (4) “-ed” is a derivational morpheme. -False (5) TG Grammar or Transformational-Generative Grammar (转换生成语法）is proposed by Saussure. -2. What is the HEAD of NP? -N3. If we determine a word category by its meaning, what problems will we face? its not reliable.4. Read out the following: (Deg) P (NP) -5. What is XP Rule?The XP Rule:XP(Specifier) X (Complement) XP consist of specifier, X(head) and complement.Head: a certain word category around which a phrase is built.6. What is X Theory? X标杆理论Two steps: a. XP (Specifier) X - b. X - X (Complement)I. Review: 71. The more reliable criterion of determining a words category is its _D_. A. meaning B. inflection C. complement D. distribution 2. What do we call this? - X Theory? X标杆理论 a. XP (Specifier) X - b. X - X (Complement)3. Is this right? The book or on the train. -False4. Find “complementizer, complement phrase, matrix clause, complement clause, and sub categorization” in the following sentence. The teacher gave us his suggestion that we should spend more time on linguistics5. Specifier can function both semantically and syntactically. -Ture 6. Tree diagram for “The policeman can help the boy. ”7. True or false? (1) Sentences take an abstract category inflection (dubbed Infl) as their heads, which indicates the sentences tense and length, and auxiliary. -Ture(2) C position can only have one element, so complementizers and auxiliaries are mutually exclusive. -Ture (3) S NP VP is called Phrase Structure, Tree diagram, or Immediate Constituent Analysis (IC Analysis). -False8. What do we call? Head movementMy mother helped the boy. InflP (S)NP Infl VP pstSpecifier X(Head) complementI. Review 81 the X ruleXP (specifier) X (complement)DEEP STRUCTUREs(NP) InflP (VP)TransformationAux movement or Do insertionSURFACE STRUCTURE2. The representations of Deep Structure and Surface Structure must be different. - False3. The Deep Structure of “Who can help me?”4. Tree diagram for Will he attend the class?5. Move A general rule for all the movement rules: Move , where “alpha” is a cover term for any element that can be moved from one place to another. - TureI. Review 91. For meaning, the psychologists focus their attention on _B_ through language. A. the relations between linguistic expressions B. understanding the workings of the human mind C. a range of utterances D. truth value of linguistic expressions2. True or false? (1) The situational context is concerned with the probability of a words co-occurrence （共现）or collocation（搭配）with another word. - (2) Every word has a sense, and every word has a reference. -Ture (3) One reference may have several senses. -False3. The naming theoryThe linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names or labels for things.Limitations of this theory: (1) Nouns only; (2) There are things that do not exist in the real world: ghost, dragon, unicorn. Nouns do not refer to physical objects (abstract) impulse, idea Semantic TriangleThere is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (between language and the real world) rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are Linked through the mediation of concepts in mind.I. Review 101. True or false? (1) The relationship between “tree” and “pine” is called synonymy. -false (2) Polysemy appears with the development of or change in the meaning of words. -false2. “Buy” and “bye” are a pair of AA.homophone B. homograph C. complete homonymy D. hyponymy 3. Why can we say “The small whale is really very big”? 相对性4. Why cant we say “How young are you?” even to a small child?5. One example of complementary (contradictory) antonymy. alive & dead6. When we say “a herd of cows” instead of “group, flock or crowd”, it is _C_. A. stylistic文体上，文风上 B. dialectal C. collocational 搭配 D. evaluative7. “Uncle” and “aunt” are a pair of _B_ antonyms. A. gradable B. relational C. complementary D. contraryI. Review 111. True or false? (1) Pragmatics is a study of meaning in context or a study of speakers meaning, utterance发言/表 meaning, & contextual meaning. -Ture (2) The publication of Saussures work Course in General Linguistics in the early 20th century marked the beginning of modern linguistics. -Ture (3) Saussure laid down the key note for modern linguistic studies, i.e. language should be studied in context. -Ture (4) The development and establishment of pragmatics in 1920s and 1930s resulted mainly from the expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics. False,1960-1970s (5) The meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components. -T2. Context is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. Name some of the knowledge as examples.Shared knowledge: language they use; what has been said before; world in general; specific situation; each other3. Why is context so important?-Context determines the speakers use of language and also the hearers interpretation (理解) of what is said to him.4. What are the differences between utterance meaning and sentence meaning?-Utterance: units of language in use. Concrete and context dependent. Sentence: abstract units of the language system. Decontextualized 5. Predication analysis of the following sentence. The man in the tree is sleeping with ants all over his arms. -man tree （SLEEP）6. Identify the relation between the following pairs of sentences: B They are going to have another baby. They have a child. A. Entailment B. presupposition预料/假定的事 C. contradiction矛盾 D. synonym同义字7. Componential analysis 成分分析is a way to analyze the meaning of a word proposed by the _A_ semanticists. A. structural B. conceptualist C. Plato D. logician8. Selectional restrictions选择性限制 Constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. For example: Friendship is crying. -