备考MBA每周一练详解.doc

备考2012MBA每周一练详解   9月23日每周一练Part I Reading ComprehensionPassage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.1 主题句TS开门见山：媒体暴力肆虐 There are good reasons to be troubled by the violence that spreads throughout the media. Movies, Television and video games are full of gunplay and bloodshed, and one might reasonably ask whats wrong with a society that presents videos of domestic violence as entertainment. 把家庭暴力作为娱乐的社会到底怎么了。2 Most researchers agree that the causes of 因果逻辑 real-world violence are complex. A 1993 study by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences listed “biological, individual, family, peer, school, and community factors” as all playing their parts.【注】真实世界暴力产生的原因有很多：biological, individual, family, peer, school, and community factors。3 承认的事实 Viewing abnormally large amounts of violent television and video games may well contribute to 因果逻辑 violent behavior in certain individuals. The trouble comes when researchers downplay 不予重视 uncertainties in their studies or overstate 夸大 the case for causality (因果关系) 隐藏的转折逻辑. Skeptics 怀疑论者 were dismayed 失望 several years ago when a group of societies including the American Medical Association tried to end the debate by issuing a joint statement: “At this time, well over 1,000 studies. point overwhelmingly 压倒性地 to a causal connection between 因果逻辑 media violence and aggressive behavior in some children.” 论据是反例：反例说明怀疑论者对于某些组织包括美国医疗组织草率论调的失望。4 Freedom-of-speech advocates accused the societies of catering to politicians, and even disputed the number of studies (most were review articles and essays, they said). 反对夸张媒体暴力者指责这些组织迎合政客，夸大事实，用少量研究说明问题 【论据】When Jonathan Freedman, a social psychologist at the University of Toronto, reviewed the literature, he found only 200 or so studies of television-watching and aggression. And when he weeded out 除去 “the most doubtful measures of aggression”, only 28% supported a connection.5 The critical point here is causality 因果关系. The alarmists 杞人忧天者 say they have proved that violent media cause 因果逻辑 aggression. 某些alrmist的观点 But 转折逻辑 the assumptions behind their observations need to be examined. 转折逻辑，媒体暴力与真实世界暴力之间的关系有待证实 When labeling games as violent or non-violent, should a hero eating a ghost 幽灵 really be counted as a violent event? And when experimenters record the time it takes game players to read aggressive or non-aggressive words from a list, can we be sure what they are actually measuring? 作者问这些是暴力么？怎么定义暴力？ The intent of the new Harvard Center on Media and Child Health to collect and standardize 使标准化 studies of media violence in order to compare their methodologies, assumptions and conclusions is an important step in the right direction.6 主题句TS Another appropriate step would be to tone down the criticism until we know more. 下一步只有在有了更多数据后才能继续，也就是结论不能妄下 Several researchers write, speak and testify 证实 quite a lot on the threat posed by violence in the media. That is, of course, their privilege. But when doing so, they often come out with statements that the matter has now been settled, drawing criticism from colleagues. 反例，还没有怎么研究就说已经解决了，事情就是这样了 In response, the alarmists accuse critics and news reporters of being deceived by the entertainment industry. Such clashes 冲突 help neither science nor society. 这么做的危害1. Why is there so much violence shown in movies, TV and video games? D【解析】细节题。题目问“为何在电影、电视和视频游戏中有这么多暴力？”根据题干关键信息“movies, TV and video games”定位至第1段最后一句话“Movies, Television and video games are full of gunplay and bloodshed, and one might reasonably ask whats wrong with a society that presents videos of domestic violence as entertainment.”A) There is a lot of violence in the real world today. 答非所问！B) Something has gone wrong with todays society. 答非所问！C) Many people are fond of gunplay and bloodshed. 无中生有，主管答题！D) Showing violence is thought to be entertaining. 正确！最后一句话的同义置换2. What is the skeptics (Line 3. Para. 3) view of media violence? B【解析】细节题。A) Violence on television is a fairly accurate reflection of real-world life. 无中生有！B) Most studies exaggerate the effect of media violence on the viewers.C) A causal relationship exists between media and real-world violence. 方向反！D) The influence of media violence on children has been underestimated. 无中生有！3. The author uses the term “alarmists” (Line 1. Para. 5) to refer to those who _C_.【解析】词义题。A) use standardized measurements in the studies of media violence B) initiated the debate over the influence of violent media on reality C) assert a direct link between violent media and aggressive behaviorD) use appropriate methodology in examining aggressive behavior 4. In refuting the alarmists, the author advances his argument by first challenging _D_.【解析】细节题。定位至第5段，见文章分析。A) the source and amount of their dataB) the targets of their observationC) their system of measurementD) their definition of violence5. What does the author think of the debate concerning the relationship between the media and violence? A【解析】段落主旨题：定位在第一句话。A) More studies should be conducted before conclusions are drawn.B) It should come to an end since the matter has now been settled. 无中生有！C) The past studies in this field have proved to be misleading. 无中生有！D) He more than agrees with the views held by the alarmists. 方向反！Passage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.1过去的事实 It used to be that people were proud to work for the same company for the whole of their working lives. Theyd get a gold watch at the end of their productive years and a dinner featuring speeches by their bosses praising their loyalty 忠诚. But 转折逻辑 todays rich capitalists have regressed (倒退) to the “survival of the fittest” ideas and their loyalty extends not to their workers or even to their stockholders but only to themselves. 资本家只为了自己的利益 Instead of giving out gold watches worth a hundred or so dollars for forty or so years of word, they grab 攫取 tens and even hundreds of millions of dollars as they sell for their own profit the company they may have been with for only a few years.2 整段引申及论据 The new rich selfishly act on their own to unfairly grab the wealth that the country as a whole has produced. The top 1 percent of the population now has wealth equal to the whole bottom 95 percent and they want more. Their selfishness is most shamelessly expressed in downsizing and outsourcing (将产品包给分公司做) because these business maneuvers dont act to created new jobs as the founder of new industries used to do, but only out jobs while keeping the money value of what those jobs produced for themselves. 批判资本家：资本家为了自己利益而无耻的所作所为以及它们的后果3 To keep the money machine working smoothly the rich have bought all the politicians from the top down. 官商勾结，商人买通政客 The president himself is constantly leaving Washington and the business at the nation because he is summoned 传讯 to “fundraising dinners” where fat cats pay a thousand or so dollars a plate to worm their way into government not through service but through donations 捐款 of vast amounts of money. Once on the inside they have both political parties busily tearing up all the regulations that protect the rest of us from the greed of the rich. 论据说明他们如何操作4 原来的事实 The middle class used to be loyal to the free enterprise system. In the past, the people of the middle class mostly thought theyd be rich themselves someday or have a good shot at becoming rich. 中产阶级曾经的梦想，曾经忠诚 But nowadays 转折逻辑 income is being distributed more and more unevenly and corporate loyalty is a thing of the past. The middle class may also wake up to forget its loyalty to the so-called free enterprise system altogether and the government which governs only the rest of us while letting the corporations do what they please with our jobs. 中产阶级应该觉醒，不要被蒙蔽到最后沦落到社会的底层去了 As things stand, if somebody doesnt wake up, the middle class is on a path to being downsized all the way to the bottom of society.6. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that people used to place a high value on _C_.【解析】细节题。定位至第1段第一句话“It used to be that people were proud to work for the same company for the whole of their working lives. Theyd get a gold watch at the end of their productive years and a dinner featuring speeches by their bosses praising their loyalty.”A) job security B) bosses praiseC) corporate loyalty D) retirement benefits7. The author is strongly critical of todays rich capitalists for _B_.【解析】细节题。定位至第1段最后“Instead of giving out gold watches worth a hundred or so dollars for forty or so years of word, they grab tens and even hundreds of millions of dollars as they sell for their own profit the company they may have been with for only a few years.”A) not giving necessary assistance to laid-off workers 无中生有！B) maximizing their profits at the expense of workers C) not setting up long-term goals for their companies 无中生有！D) rewarding only those who are considered the fittest 无中生有！8. The immediate consequence of the new capitalists practice is _C_.【解析】细节题。定位至第2段最后一句话“Their selfishness is most shamelessly expressed in downsizing and outsourcing because these business maneuvers dont act to created new jobs as the founder of new industries used to do, but only out jobs while keeping the money value of what those jobs produced for themselves.”A) loss of corporate reputation 无中生有！B) lower pay for the employees 无中生有，主观干扰！C) a higher rate of unemployment D) a decline in business transactions 无中生有！9. The rich try to sway the policy of the government by _B_.【解析】细节题。定位至第3段的论据部分“The president himself is constantly leaving Washington and the business at the nation because he is summoned 传讯 to “fundraising dinners” where fat cats pay a thousand or so dollars a plate to worm their way into government not through service but through donations 捐款 of vast amounts of money. Once on the inside they have both political parties busily tearing up all the regulations that protect the rest of us from the greed of the rich.”说明the rich如何sway the policy of the government。A) occupying important positions in both political parties 无中生有，他们没有occupy，他们是捐钱给政客！B) making monetary contributions to decision-makersC) pleasing the public with generous donations 无中生有！D) constantly hosting fundraising dinners 非实质做法！10. What is the authors purpose in writing this passage?【解析】主旨题。根据最后一段中“The middle class may also wake up to forget its loyalty to the so-called free enterprise system altogether and the government which governs only the rest of us while letting the corporations do what they please with our jobs. 中产阶级应该觉醒，不要被蒙蔽到最后沦落到社会的底层去了”很明显是选，号召中产阶级。A) to call on the middle class to remain loyal to the free enterprise systemB) to warn the government of the shrinking of the American middle classC) to persuade the government to change its current economic policiesD) to urge the middle class to wake up and protect their own interestsPart II Translation1. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.【参考译文】但是人的大脑能够扫描一个快速变化的场景，迅速排除98%的不相干的物体，立即聚焦于森林中蜿蜒道路旁的一只猴子，或者人群中的一张可疑的脸。2. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25 0.5% of GDP.【参考译文】OECD在其最近的经济瞭望中估计，如果石油价格与1998年的每桶13美元相比在一年中平均为每桶22美元，这也只会给富裕的经济体的石油进口账单上增加GDP的0.25到0.5。3. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.【参考译文】如果(新闻界真的注意到了问题的关键)，它就应该进一步开放其多样化项目，这个项目现在还只单纯考虑招收不同种族和性别的员工，而进一步寻找那些世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层大相径庭的各种记者。4. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress promoted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming "I wanted to spend more time with my family."【参考译文】一次侧面的不光明磊落的攻击伤害了我的自尊，阻碍了我事业的发展，使我不得不抛弃了那份引人注目的工作，尽管表面上我还要以一个蒙受屈辱的政府部长的姿态，通过声称“只不过是想多和家人呆在一起”来掩盖我的退出。5. While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late &acute 80s and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class down shifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.【参考译文】在美国，这一返朴趋势是以经济衰落的反应为开始的那是在80年代末期裁员而引起大量的失业之后现在依然与提倡节俭的政纲相关；而在英国，最起码在我所熟识的中产阶级返朴归隐者中，追求简约；生活的原因就多种多样了。6. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.【参考文献】尽管它裁决并没有宪法权利来支持医生帮助下的自杀行为，最高法院实际上支持了被称为“双重效果”的医疗原则；这个已有几个世纪历史的道德原则认为一个可能有两个效果的行为一个想要达到的好的效果和一个已经预见到的有害的效果是被允许的，如果行为的实施者想要的只是好的效果的话。