外研社英语必修1&必修2语法总结.docx

外研社英语必修1&必修2语法总结外研社高一英语语法总结 一、语法综述： 二、课本中具体语法知识点讲解 语言：人类用来交际的工具。 动词 基本单位： 句子 -段落-篇章 动词分为谓语动词和非谓语动词 单词是英语这一门语言的基本单位。中学阶段英语语法主要研究单谓语动词 词和句子的正确使用。 谓语动词是句子的“心脏”，在句子中谓语由不同的时态构成。“时态”就是1. 英语的词法主要是研究英语中的十大类词。也就是 谓语动词动作发生的时间和存在的状态。 时间：-|-|-|-> 过去 现在 将来 状态：进行/完成 动词 这两册书中主要学习了一般将来时、一般过去时、现在完成时、过去完成形容词 时。 副词 必修一跟必修二这两本书中主要涉及到词法 冠词 1. 一般将来时跟一般过去时都表示动作发了前四个词类：“句子的心脏”、 名词 生的时间，与状态没有关系。例如： “语言的美化师”、“帽 2. 现在完成时表示两方面的的含义： 介词 子词”。 a. 过去发生的动作一直持续到现在，并且可能一直持续下去。 代词 b. 过去发生的动作，对现在造成的影响。 数词 3. 过去完成时表示“过去的过去” 感叹词 . -|-|-|-> 那时以前 那时(过去) 现在 2. 英语的句法主要是研究句子的构成、排列顺序、以及使用的。 e.g. They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. 英语的句子按照用途划分四大类：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。 He didnt go to bed until he had finished he work. 按照句子的繁简程度划分为三类：简单句、并列句、复杂句。 . 注意过去完成时跟后面学的从句联系起来： e.g. When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 并列句：用并列连词and，复杂句：一个句子在另一 I found the watch which I had lost. but, or 等将两个及以上个句子里面充当成分。也. 过去完成时还可用在hardly when , no sooner than , 的简单句连接起来。 就是含有从句的句子。 It was the 1st (2nd , etc) time (that)等固定句 型中。 并列句：You are a student and I am a teacher. e.g. Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him. You are a student but you learn English better than your teacher. No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 复杂句：I agreed with what you said. .非谓语动词 必修一跟必修2中主要涉及到的句法为复杂句中的状语从句 1 关于用法，两条黄金原则：a. 非谓语动词不作谓语。 b. 过去分词没有名词性功能。 1. to do, doing 作宾语 后面跟to do 作宾语的动词 hope, agree, dare, decide, determinebegin, start, refuse, prepare,offermanage,try, aim, forget, remember chooseseem, pretend, learn, love, hate (可记：希望同意敢决定，开始拒绝备提供，设法瞄准忘记选，似乎假装学爱憎。) e.g. We agreed _ to meet _ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet. She pretended _ not to see _me when I passed by. (全国卷) 后面跟doing作宾语的动词 give up, enjoy, regret / insist on, practise , finish / put off, avoid , mind e.g. Would you mind waiting a few minutes？ They are looking forward to Marys coming 2. doing & done 作定语 e.grunning water Do you know the three children walking towards us broken heart/ The heart broken by him is dead. 3. doing & done 作状语 e.g. Walking in the street, I came across an old friend. (为什么用现在式，会分析吗) Having finished the homework, he went home. (为什么用完成式，会分析吗) 注意：1）无论作什么成分，to do 一般表示将来，doing表示主动进行，done表示被动完成。 2）分词作定语和状语的时候可以转化成相应的从句： 例如上面例句：Do you know the three children walking towards us Walking in the street, I came across an old friend. 3）分词作定语和状语要学会跟with的复合结构联系起来。 “帽子词”冠词 “冠”者、“帽子”也，冠词也就是“帽子词”。到底是谁的帽子呢？是名词的帽子！也就是说冠词永远放在名词的前面，不能单独使用。在考试过程中，经常会考查定冠词和零冠词的用法。 1. 定冠词的常考用法 . 表示世界上独一无二的东西 the sun, the earth, the capital, the sky, the universe (2) . 用在由普通名词构成的国家、党派等专有名词前以及江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛的名词前。 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the Yellow River, the Pacific Ocean, (3). 用在序数词、形容词最高级前。 the second story, the largest room, the third longest river 用在方位名词前或某些表示时间的词组或习惯语中。 on the left, in the east / west, in the morning, on the other hand, in the end . 用在形容词或分词前表示一类人。 the poor / rich / dying / young / living / wounded (6). 在姓氏复数形式前，表示全家人或夫妇二人。 The Smiths are sitting at the breakfast table . 弹奏国外乐器时，乐器名词前 Do you like to play the piano or the violin? 2. 零冠词的用法 . 专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前 China , America, John, Air is a matter. Failure is the mother of success. . 季节、月份、星期、节日、一日三餐名称前 spring, summer, autumn / fall, winter, Sunday, October, National Day 表示头衔的名词作表语、宾语补足语及同位语时 He was made monitor. George W. Bush is president of the USA. . 学科名词，球类、棋类名词前 Do you study mathematics? He likes playing football / chess. . 在与by连用的交通工具名称前 by car( bus, train, water, air, land) 形容词&副词 形容词 1. 倍数的表达法: 主语+be+倍数+as+形容词/副词+ as 主语+be+倍数+比较级+than 主语+be+倍数+the+名词(size, width, length, height, depth)+of e.g. My room is three times as big as his.=My room is three times the size of his.=My room is three times bigger than his. 2. 比较级+and+比较级 (“越来越”) e.g. He became taller and taller. 3. the+比较级+. , the+比较级+. (“越越”) e.g. 1) The sooner, the better. 越快越好。 副词的用法 1. 定义: 副词是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。 2. 分类 1) 时间副词: now, then, soon, today, sometimes, yesterday, tomorrow, ago等。 e.g. We are leaving for Beijing soon. 2) 频度副词: often, always, usually, never, ever, seldom, rarely, frequently, occasionally等。 e.g. He seldom goes to the cinema. He had never been there before. 3) 程度副词: quite, so, little, much, very, rather, almost, nearly等。 e.g. He quite likes pop music. 状语从句 状语从句，当然就是跟班句子在另一个大句子里面作状语。课本中主要讲解了时间状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句. 时间状语从句 引导词有哪几类，还记得吗？ when, while, as (学会区分辨别) as soon as, the moment, hardlywhen, no soonerthan (还记后两个怎么用吗？) before， after by the time (注意前后时态对应) e.g. By the time they get here, we'll have finished the work. (此时主句还可用将来时，还记得吗) 3 By the time we got there, the movie had begun . 原因状语从句 引导词主要学习了哪几个？会区分吗？ Because, as, since, for, now that (for 跟其它几个有什么不同-for虽然表原因，但引导的并不是原因状语从句，因为它是并列连词) 目的状语从句 引导词：so as to, in order to ,so that E.g. I worked hard so as to I can pass the exam. 结果状语从句 引导词：so .that; suchthat “如此。以至于” e.g. I worked so hard that I passed the exam. 注意：为什么so 后面要跟形容词、副词呢？such后要跟名次呢？ so 和such谓语句首的话呢？ So hard did I work that I passed the exam. 预祝同学们取得好成绩！ Good Luck to All of You!