托福语法精讲复习整合.doc

托福语法精讲复习整合 为了让同学们高效的备考托福，整理了托福语法精讲复习，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。托福语法精讲复习1. 含并列连词and but or的平行结构解题要点 当上述并列连词连接两项或多项对等成分时，这些成分必须同词性、同形式。特别注意出现三项以上(含三项)的并列成分，多是考试焦点。全真例题分析(1) Quartz may be transparency, translucent, or opaque, and it may be colorless or colored (91.5)答案 A 并列连词or连接三项，其中两项为形容词translucent与opaque，故(A)应用形容词transparent与之并列。(2) At the age of 94. Composer, conductor. Arranger. And acting Eva Jessye led her choral group in the first production of the opera porgy and Bess, written in 1935. (92.1)答案 A 并列连词and连接四项表示身份职业的名词，故(A)动名词应改为actress。(3) Atrophy is a decrease in size of a cell, organ, tissues, or other part of the body such as (91.10)答案 C 并列连词or连接四项名词结构，其中cell 和organ皆为单数形式，故(C)亦应改为单数tissue。(4) Direct mail advertising serves to acquaint customers with Products, alert them to new opportunities, and paving the way for other sales activities (93.1)答案 C 并列连词and连接三项动宾结构，前两项均为动词原形，故(C)动名词亦应改为原形动词pave.(5) A majority of the reports received from people claiming to have seen the lengendaiy Loch Ness monster have proven to be mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. (93.10)答案 D 并列连词or连接三项成分。前两项均为名词，故(D)不应出现句子结构，而应改为名词tricks与前面的mistakes和misconceptions平行。(6) The tongue is capable of many motions and configurations and plays vital rode in chewing, swallowed and speaking.答案 D 并列连词and连接三个单词。其中两项均为动名词，故(D)亦应改为动名词swallowing。空一行2. 比较级句型要求对比双方结构对等，比较范围相当。全真列题分析(1) Probably no man had more effcet on the daily lives of most people in the United States - Henry Ford. A pioneer in automobile production.(A) as was(B) than was(C) than did(D) as did (92.8)答案 C 比较句型 morethan 要求比较的双方结构相等。前项是实义动词的过去时形式had，故选(C)than did与之平行。(2) The state of Maine generally has cooler temperatures than -(A) there are most other states(B) most other states which have(C) most other states have(D) having most other states (93.10)答案 C 这是标准的morethan比较句型。只有(C)的句子结构与相对比的前一项完全一致。(3) The annual worth of Utah. manufacturing is greater than-(A) that of its mining and farming combined(B) mining and farming combination(C) that mining and farming combined(D) of its combination mining and farming (91.8)答案 A 此句比较的是utah的年产值(the annual worth) (A)中that即代替了the annual worth，故前后比较的范围，内容一致。(4) The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than-(A) the domestic marketer has(B) the domestic marketer does(C) those of the domestic marketer(D) that which has the domestic marketer (91.5)答案 C 此句比较的是国际市场研究者与国内市场研究者的活动(the activities) 为避免同词重复，用(C)those来代替前面的名词the activities ,因而对比双方比较的范围是平行相等的。(5) Fructose is a monosaccharide sugar that is much sweeter -(A) than cane sugar does(B) does cane sugar(C) cane sugar(D) than cane sugar (90.5)答案 D 此比较句型前半部分主系表结构，后半部不可出现助动词does(答案A及B)，但可省略系词，如(D)。空一行3. 比较句型 the +比较级the+比较级要求前后结构相等。全真例题分析(1) The flatter a hair appears under a microscope - wavier it is.(A) although(B) which(C) and(D) the (92.1)答案 D The flatter a hair appears 与(D)the wavier it is 是完全对等的结构。比较级 主语 谓语动词 比较级 主语 系动词(2) The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, - to the body.(A) the stress it is greater(B) greater is the stress(C) greater stress is(D) the greater the stress (90.1)答案 D The less the surface 与答案(D) the greater the stress 是完全对等的结构。4. 语意上的平行结构解题要点 有一些词和短语表达比较的概念，尽管不是比较级句型，但同样要求前后对比双方同形式，同性质。全真例题分析(1) Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather of the deaf - of the telephone.(A) than inventing(B) than as the inventor(C) the invention(D) as the inventor (90.8)答案 B 表示比较概念的短语would rather than应使用平行结构。(2) Thomas Jefferson. achievements as an architect rival his contributions - a politician.(A) such(B) more(C) as(D) than (90.1)答案 C 动词rival (比得上)要求比较二项结构相等。(3) California. agricultural supremacy dates from 1947. When its farm output first - any other state.(A) that exceeded(B) exceeded that(C) exceeded that of(D) that exceeded of (92.10)答案 C 动词exceeded (超过)要求比较的内容相当。(C)代词that用以指代比较的内容“farm output”(4) It is common lcnowledge that a flash of lightning is seen before a clap of thunder heard . (93.5)答案 D 连词 be fore用以引出先后发生的两个动作。从句意上看。这两个动作是对比关系，故应用平行结构。(D)改为a clap of thunder is heard ,与a flash of lightning is seen 相平衡。托福语法精讲复习词性混淆误用一直是TOEEL考题中最重要的命题形式。它与“基本句子结构”(本书要点之1)和“平行结构”(本书要点之4)组成TOEEL命题的三大焦点。有关词性混淆的试题主要集中在written Expression (16-40题)中，命题范围包括(1)并列结构中词性一致、(2)形容词与副词混淆、(3)形容词与名词混淆、(4)名词与动词混淆。其中，形容词用错的题型占此类命题的最大比例。词性混淆常考题型及解题要点1. 并列连词and but or结构要求词性统一全真例题分析(1) Bigness. Boastful. And strong. Frontiersman Mike Fink was the subject of many folk tales. (93.3)答案 A 并列连词and连接三个形容词，故(A)Bigness应改为Big。(2) The success of a naval ship is determined by its seaworthiness, speedy ,and maneuverability. (92.10)答案 D 并列连词and连接三个名词，而speed是形容词，故应改为speed。(3) Regulation of public utilities in the United States is carried out by locally state and federal governments. (92.5)答案 D 并列连词and连接三个形容词性质的词，共同修饰后面的中心词governnenrfs 。而locally是副词，应改为local。(4) In Middle Ages. Books called bestiaries were prepared in an attempt to describe animals, real or imagine, that exemplified human traits. (92.5)答案 B 并列连词or前面是形容词real。之后亦应是形容词imaginary。2. 形容词错用为副词解题要点 形容词用来修饰说明名词或名词性成分的，而副词则可修饰除名词以外的所有词性及句子成分。全真例题分析(1) Animal life on Prince Edward island is confined large to ducks. Pheasants. And rabbits (93.5)答案C 修饰限定介词短语to ducks pheasants and rabbits 应用副词largely。(2) The General Sherman tree a giant sequoia in California, has grown to be the world. largest plant at approximate 272 feet tall.答案 D 修饰说明数词(272)应用副词approximately。(3) Because its body is supported by water, the blue whale can grow to a size considerable larger than any land mammal alive today. (93.8)答案 修饰形容词短语larger than应用副词形式considerably。(4) Once an important port of entry for immigrants to the United States. Island recent reopened its great hall s a museum of immigration. (92.8)答案 C 修饰整个句耶Ellis ls land reopened its great hall as a museum of immigration 应用副词recently，表示时间。(5) Because their properties differ from those of their constituents. Proper alloys can great increase the corrosion resistance of a metal.答案 C 修饰动increase 应用副词greatly。3. 以副词后缀-ly组成的副词错用为形容词解题要点 A、B、C、D四个选择答案中如果有以-ly形式构成的副词，应首先考虑它的词性是否正确，是否错用为形容词。全真例题分析(1) Parrots have heavily bodies and exceedingly strong legs. (93.8)答案 A 修饰名词应用形从词。Heavily 应改为heavy。(2) The katydid a type of grasshopper is actively at night and rests motionless amid foliage during the day. (93.8)答案 B 改为形容词active，作表语。(3) Although the unified states experienced rapidly growth in the first half of the nineteenth century ,it was still predominately concerned with agriculture and forestry (93.10)答案 A 修饰名词应用形容词rapid growth。(4) Although they are in different countries, Windsor. Ontario and Detroit, Michigan are close neighbors and cooperate on numerous matters of mutually interest. (91.5)答案 D 改为mutual interest。4. 以名词后缀- tion ,- sion 组成的名词错用为动词解题要点 A、B、C、D四个选择答案中出现以-tion, -sion形式构成的名词，应首先考虑它的词性是否正确，是否错用为动词。全真例题分析(1) The work .aga.is often application to any narration of events of the past, whether mythical or historical in character. (92.10)答案 A application应改为applied，作谓语动词的被动语态。(2) Administrative assistants are often expected to make decisions, supervision staff, delegate responsibility, and work harmoniously with managers and fellow cmployces. (92.100答案 B supervision 改为动词原形supervise与后面名词组成动宾结构。(3) Fascination by the promise of the internal engine and its application to a self-propelled vehicle, Henly Ford constructed a one-cylinder gasoline motor in 1892. (93.10)答案 A Fascination 改为Fascinated, 与后面的by 组成过去分词短语作状语。(4) From 1872 to, Alice Elvira Freeman was Dean of Women at the newly foundation University of Chicago. (93.8)答案 D foundation 改为founded 过去分词作定语，修饰University of Chicago5. 由表示词性的后缀- fur ,-tie -enc., -ent,-tive都很可能是此题的考试焦点全真例题分析(1) Few theories are originality enough to be called unique. (92.10)答案 C 名词originality应改为形容词original 作表语。(2) Height, powerful and speed are attributes that coaches often look for in basketball players. (93.8)答案 A 形容词powerful应改为名词power，与height和speed并列。(3) A major purpose of scientific analysts is to idenufy and examine causal connections between independent and dependence variables. (93.1)答案 D 名词dependence 应改为形容词dependent, 用来修饰后面的名词variables。(4) A deficient of folic acid is rarely found in humans because the vitamin is contained in a wide variety of foods. (92.8)答案A 形容词deficient改为名词deficiency。作主语。(5) In nature, the distributive of plants is obviously related to climate. (90.8)答案 B 形容词distributive 改为名词distribution ，用主语。(6) A foreign exchange rate is a price that reflects the relative supply and demand of difference currencies. (93.5)答案 D 名词difference改为形容词different，修饰后面的名词。如何掌 控托福雅思考试语法考托福雅思的学生在学习英语语法的过程中往往花费了大量时间，做数量惊人的语法练习题并背下许许多多的语法规则，但效果却往往不理想。问题的核心在于很多学生在面对雅思考试时，没有认真地思考并做出相应的学习方法调整，而是继续固守中学，大学的语法学习规则。结果就是语法越学越困惑，越努力越找不到方向，因此，为了让学生能达到理想的学习效果，雅思语法教学也应该跳出传统的教学框架，进行不断的创新。一. 托福雅思语法教学特点：相对于传统的英语语法教学，雅思语法教学具有自身的一些特点：1. 更偏重实用性：中学，大学英语教学最大的服务目标就是高考的高分，而托福雅思语法教学的目标则是让学生把英语变成可用的工具。因此，语法的教学不应该重复让学生背枯燥的语法规则和大量做习题的老路，而应该服务于实用性这个目标。语法，是语言的法则或规则，因此，在教学中，应侧重让学生超越语法的学习地表象，去抓住内在的规律，举一反三，提高学习效率。例如，在虚拟语气的教学中，除了常规的语法规则之外，应用实例多向学生展示虚拟语气在生活口语，阅读，写作等多方面的体现，运用的理由及体现的含义。2. 更偏重同听、说、读、写、译的相互结合：传统学习中，语法独立性很大，这一点无论在教学中还是在题型设置中都有所体现。而雅思复习中，英语教学强调学生综合英语素质的提高，因此语法教育成为了提高学生英语听、说、读、写、译整体水平的辅助工具。托福雅思考试没有语法单项考试，并都不意味着语法学习意义不大，而是告诉我们语法是整体英语学习中的不可分割的一个部分。3. 更偏重句法的教学：传统英语教学属于打基础阶段，语法教学往往从词法入手，学生需要了解名词，动词，冠词等不同词性的许多变化规则;而雅思语法教学则更偏重句法的教学;例如，雅思语法学习难点之一是长难句，而长难句最多运用到的语法就是从句，平行比较结构和非谓语动词短语三大语法规则，例如：The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element (分词短语作介宾)and prevented the decline in efficiency (and 连接平行结构)that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms (that引导定语从句)in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.(参考译文 “这种改变通过引入大量专业元素，满足了新时代的技术要求，也阻止了效率的下降;这种效率的下降，往往在经历充沛的创建者之后的第二代和第三代时让家族企业倒闭。”)二. 概貌教学法：当我们到一个城市去旅游时，会先买一张该城市的地图。当我们做拼图游戏是，会看着包装上的整个图画去拼成百上千块的拼板，因为我们如果知道整个图画是什么的话，我们就会更容易地把某一块拼到该拼的地方去。令人惊讶的是，我们的英语教学往往忽略这个常识，一个个语法项目被分开教学，每次课讲的只是一个小部分，学生根本不知道所学内容的概貌，无论开始时还是结束时。因此，我们可以在第一次课就向学生展示出他们在整个大学将要学到的语法概貌。控托福雅思考试语法