园艺专业英语.docx

园艺专业英语园艺专业英语翻译 Lesson1 part A 1、 protected (structure) horticulture is defined as a cultivation method taking use of heat keeping ,chilling prevention or cooling and rainproof facilities to prevent the crops production from being influenced or seriously done by natural seasons and to artificially create a microclimate environment suitable for growing horticultural crops in cold or hot weather hat actually unfavorable to the crop development .it is also termed as out-of-season culture ,season-off culture or forcing culture .because of the season in which horticultural crops are planted is hand for their growing in open field. 2、 Windbreak、cold frame 、hot-frame、 plastic-clad tunnel and greenhouse could provide a variety of vegetable seeding for open field or protected culture or protect seeding of cold tolerant vegetable living through the winter ,for early planting and acquirement of early mature products. 3、 In respect of structure type, the largest horticultural structure area in our country consists of plastic tunnels and lean to houses, especially the energy-sawing solar greenhouse, which has become the dominant greenhouse type in the country. Presently the development of large greenhouse or multi-span house has been initiated. Lesson2 part A 4、 In horticultural crop cultivation under structure the key point of environment management for growers is to create optimal complex of environmental conditions for crop growth and development, as possibly as they can, according to properties and environmental demand of crop. Lesson3 part A Lesson4 part A 1、 most soil amendments are consisted of the increasing of organic matters ,addition of specific nutritional elements and ph adjustment 2、 the soil is an important constitute of the land loamy soil must consist of soul particles with proper ratio ,with equilibrium of nutrients ,in which contains some organic matter ,and with considerable moisture Lesson5 part A Lesson6 part A 1、 sink demand of horticultural crops extremely affects photosynthetic ,for example ,leaf photosynthesis noticeably decrease when potato tubers are removed during their growth short-term response may be stomato close effect ,but this cannot explain common continuous effects ,sometime when the source-sink ratio increases significantly ,some old leaves can renew their photosynthesis functions ,on the other hand ,rapidly growing sinks sometimes compete with leaves for mobilizable nitrogen and this results in abscission of leaves and lower photosynthesis capacity. 2、 It is not clear yet that how the sink demand affect photosynthesis of leaves .the simplest explanation is that photosynthesis accumulated in leaves restrain photosynthesis . however trials for examining this hypothesis usually obtained the opposite results .furthermore ,in practice ,photosynthates seemly not accumulate beside chloroplasts in mesophyll cells .thus ,more research work should be done on 1 source-sink relationship to improve yields of horticultural crops Lesson7 part A 1、 the development of horticultural crops product organs consist of maturity 、full ripeness and senescence stages .maturity includes physiological ripeness and horticultural ripeness the former means that in the last growth stage ,mature organs become full ripening and the later means the best growth stage of horticultural crops for harvest ,such as leaf vegetables ,when they are reaped ,they are not physiological ripe ,and flower crops are harvested when thy flower. Full ripeness is the develop stage after fruit mature some fruits can get full ripeness in trees ,while some must ripen after separated from trees .after full ripen the flesh mealiness aroma strength proper acidity and sugar ,senescence is a stopping terminating process of living activity. In this stage, product organs quality of horticultural crops become bad and completely leaves their economical value in the end Lesson8 part A 1、 hormone produced by seed influence fruit setting ,fruit growth and the balance of hormones in plant 2、 Stone fruits can no t set their fruits when their embryos develop abnormally. pome fruits can set without seeds ,but flesh cells grow slowly 3、 Gibberellins was produced after pollination with seed development gibberellins promotes synthesis of auxin , therefore ,promotes fruit setting .the fruit set and fruit growth is similar between the ovule not pollinated treated by gibberellins and those which has seed 4、 Gibberellins produced by apple seeds apparently restrain flower differentiation and result in alternate fruiting .alternate fruiting is not normal in pear and many stone fruits .it is because the early occurrence of gibberellins synthesis peak which is not concurrent with flower differentiation initiation. Lesson13 part A 1、 pruning of fruit trees is a practice involves the heading back cuts and the thinning cuts of branches for good framework ,for regulating contradiction between growth and fruiting ,for maintaining the equilibrium between vegetative growth and propagative growth and for good sunlight exposure, to fruit early to achieve high yield and to get commodity with high quality 2、 the pruning methods are best determined by the characteristics of fruit species and cultivars ,the climate the soil condition and the crop developing stages and growth status .in order to get the best result ,it is useful to combine pruning with other cultural practices like fertilization ,irrigation, etc 3、 Reinvigoration of trees is better performed annually, which can keep fruit from stimulating excessive sprouts .remove dead branches, sprouts and some crossing shoots. Secondly, large branches should be thinned out gradually to open tree chamber and to improve distribution of sunlight in order to simulate fruiting. Lesson15 part A 1、 temperature is an critical element in biological ,chemical and physiological processes of all plant species 2 2、 Temperature regulates the rate of chemical reactions ,leading to the adjustment of plant growth rate. 3、 As a important contributing factor to climate .temperature play an important role in adaptability and growth ,date of plant thus the horticultural crop types which can be cultured in a specific area rely on temperature 4、 Most plants can live and grow in the range of 0 to 50 .however low-temperature sensitivity limit the successful cultivated regions of plants Lesson16 part A 1、 sprinkler irrigation is often used in maintaining and flower beds which has the specialty the uniform water amount in its coverage .however, water waste occur when sprinkler is not limited in the area need irrigation .in addition ,evaporation result in some water loss too 3