托福独立写作如何避免无话可说.doc

托福独立写作如何避免无话可说 为了让大家更好的准备托福考试，给大家整理一些托福写作小知识，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。托福独立写作素材选择和语言运用常见问题注意事项提点托福独立写作如何避免无话可说?关于素材，也就是*中写点什么内容，很多考生最头疼的就是无话可说。新托福写作考察的话题包括教育、就业、个人成功、社会、家庭、环境、媒体、旅游、科技等。话题种类繁多，考生想要做到有话可写，就需要在平时多做素材的积累，比如每天看两个话题的范文，搜集出*中的论点、论据，并用中文或者key words记录下来，形成自己的素材库，考前翻阅一下。即便是出现新题，考生也不用担心，因为平时积累的素材多了，思路就宽了，总能带来一些启发 。托福写作语言运用注意事项讲解接下来是托福写作中的语言问题。其实托福写作中对语言并不是特别重视，因为虽然新托福是语言考试，但是在写作这一块，考官并不太在意考生使用的词汇有多高难度、句式有多复杂，这就是新托福写作和雅思写作的差异。美国人在意的是你写出来的*能不能让他看明白，逻辑通不通。当然，虽然不要求语言的复杂性，语言的多样性还是有要求的。词汇上来说，要注意不重复用词，那么考生平时需要积累常用的替换词。句型来说，更为简单，因为英文中的句式也就那么多种，考生只需要把每一种句子的形式整理一下，考试时有意识地安排进*即可。语言这一块对于英语功底还可以的学生来说绝对是没有问题的。托福独立写作如何分层次拆解论述话题?实用技巧实例精讲什么是托福独立写作的话题拆分法?拆分法就是将人们习惯或公认的标准作为分类的依据从不同角度对问题进行剖析。拆分的对象可以是题目中存在的 名词，也可以是题目中所“隐含”的 时间 和 地点。托福独立写作话题拆分技巧实例讲解我们来看下面的例子：The Internet provides people with a lot of valuable information.这道题目中有三个名词。第一个名词是the Internet，我们可以将它拆分为局域网(Local Area Network, LAN)、广域网(Wide Area Network, WAN)和城域网(Metropolitan Area Network, MAN)，那么*的三段分别强调局域网、广域网和城域网给人们提供大量有价值的信息。第二个名词是people，我们可以将它拆分为学生、商人、老人;因此，*可以具体写网络为这三类人群提供大量有价值的信息。第三个名词是information，我们可以将它拆分为不同种类的信息，如新闻、教育信息、生活信息和娱乐信息等;因此*可以针对网络为人们提供上述任意三方面有价值的信息而展开。我们再来看一个例子：The movies and television programs made in your own country are more interesting than those made in foreign countries.我们需要思考的问题是：哪些国外的电影和电视节目(movies and television programs)可以引起我们的兴趣呢?这些电影和电视节目可能涉及历史和自然景点(historical and scenic spots)、传统和风俗(tradition and customs)、奇闻和传说(anecdotes and legends)或者是宗教信仰(religious beliefs)等因此，全文可以从上述任意三个方面展开。有些考生会尝试着拆分foreign countries. 他们将foreign counties拆分为美国、英国和印度：美国的电影和电视节目更多彰显美国文化大熔炉的特征(cultural melting pot);英国的电影和电视节目更多表现了“日不落帝国”(the empire on which the Sun never sets)的“光辉岁月”(splendid moment);印度的电影和电视节目更多体现了千年的历史积淀(historical sediments)这也是一种可行的拆分方法。托福独立写作中间段论证写法思路实例讲解托福独立写作中间段写法思路分析很多同学都很头疼独立写作的中间到底写点什么，也经常听到学生抱怨：那些范文的作者怎么有那么多有的没的可以扯，我就是想不出那么多话那么多内容往*里搬啊。面对这样的问题，一开始也很困惑应该怎样去帮助他们，因为这是确实存在的一个事实，暂且不谈英文，即便是说中文，也有一些人是能“扯”的，有一些人是“不能扯”的。后来发现，“能不能扯”在方向上来说就已经错了，或者说已经偏了，偏离了简单写作的轨道。原因在于，内容是无止尽的，非要一个高中生脑子里装很多内容素材也确实强人所难。即便经历了长期的准备积累，在考场上要把这些信息想到，再敲到*里也是很耗费时间的，所以说关于论证细节，如果从内容下手进行思考，反而会让写作看起来更复杂。那么，托福考试中的简单写作到底是什么呢?那就是考生一定听说过的“论证方法”。大部分考生对这个词不陌生，知道主体段需要运用各种论证方法进行支持。在此，想强调的是，考生大可不必从内容上去思考写点什么，而是直接可以从论证方法入手，因为论证方法是有止尽的，最常用的也是最好用的论证方法包括因果论证(分析原因、说明结果)、举例论证、引证以及对比论证。我们随便看几个范文段落就可以发现，*段落中的每一句话都是有存在的目的的，所谓目的就是论证的方法。论证方法实例分析1例如：1. Firstly,the wide application of the Internet dramatically boosts the convenience and efficiency of acquiring knowledge for people.(中心句)2.In the times without the Internet,the main way to be well-educated was attending schools.3.But the scarcity of educational resources enabled only a few elites to do it.4.Thanks to the Internet technology,the knowledge gets across among people regardless of time and space.5.For example,Khan Academy,an innovative online educational company,offers high-quality and free-of-charge cramming courses involving mathematics,physics and other high school subjects.6.Another renowned program called “Coursera” cooperates with top universities and puts online real lectures of top-notch professors for people to learn from at no cost.整个段落一共6句话，第一句话是中心句，第二句到第四句是对比论证(没有网络的时候VS有了网络的时候)，第五句和第六句是两个例子。论证方法实例分析2再如：1.In the first place,job satisfaction is becoming increasingly important in contemporary society.2.Due to the fierce competition and social pressure,whether workers can attain satisfaction in their positions determines how hardly they work,which also determines how many profits the company will get.3.My brother can be cited as a good example.4.At first,he worked in an international company which cared nothing for its employees but profits.5.He was forced to work for extra hours without extra salary in regular working time, which generated extreme tiredness and dissatisfaction.6.As a result,he soon changed the job into a more satisfying one which has more vacation,better working environment and more friendly relationships between colleagues.7.Now,my brother enjoys his job which creates great job satisfaction for him and works more assiduously.整个段落一共7句话，第一句仍然是中心句，第二句用的是因果论证，第三句开始举了具体的个人例子。因此，当中心句写完之后，到底写点什么来支撑一个段落的字数，考生可以从论证方法这个概念去思考。例如Body 1中心句之后可以先用因果论证，带一下原因，再将结果层层递进写几句话，结束之后字数肯定不够，那就想一下还有一种论证方法叫举例论证，能不能编一个例子出来。同理，Body 2还是先写中心句，接下来写一句因果，写一句对比(正反假设)，最后再来一组例子。简而言之，我们在思考的时候从论证方法出发，但是呈献给考官看的还是内容。论证方法只是便于我们快速想到写的内容的方向，总比绞尽脑汁直接想内容要简单得多。如何让段落逻辑清晰?在了解了怎样以最快速度想出理由段写点什么内容之后，还需要注意的一个问题是，有些人能“条理清晰地扯”，有些人“扯出了一团浆糊”。那么怎样才能让考官看着觉得这个段落逻辑清晰呢?笔者在看了很多官方范文及学生的高分*后，发现了一个规律，好的*段落有一个共同的逻辑层次，即由抽象到具体，上文两个段落的层次安排也是按照这样来进行的，中心句结束后进行解释，最后搬上例子。这样看来，*理由段的写法也非常简单，按照上面的安排操作即可，根据论证方法配以具体的内容，一个段落就能轻松完成了。在此要强调的是，新托福作文中，主体段的例子是非常重要的，考生应该做到每一个段落都要有例子支持，当然并不一定是具体某个人的例子，可以是引用的研究结果，也可以使用排比的句式写出一组列举的例子。托福综合写作的阅读听力部分如何应对?这些高分技巧不可不学托福综合写作阅读部分：寻找核心句关键词英美人写*的总体逻辑可以概括为总分或总分总。而托福综合写作的阅读材料多为前者布局，且多为四段式(首段总起，三段分别展开)。首段主要用来提供背景信息或者提出话题，而作者的立场或论点多位于首段的最后一句，聪明的考生会把注意力多集中于首段的尾句，确定作者的立论点，从而对于下一阶段的听力大致话题和论述做到心中有底。随后的段落即展开给出作者之所以立论的三个分论点或论据，在单个的段落当中，又遵循了西方人惯有的总分模式，单个段落的首句多为topic sentence，考生可以只关注三个段落的首句以快速获取段落主要内容，从而避免全文通读速度不够而导致的来不及看完阅读。托福综合写作听力部分：判断说话人立场、记录观点和支持性论据听力环节的笔记很重要，是决定综合写作能否顺利完成的关键因素。没有经过训练或者疏于练习的同学会对于该记什么无从下手，结果就是笔记做了，自己看不懂，或者笔记太过凌乱，毫无可利用性。要知道听力该记什么怎么记，此时应当牢记心里的仍然是西方人的逻辑性。"总分"表明了在听力的开始段是表明说话者立场和论点的，那么按照我们之前分析的，阅读和听力必然是同主题，所以听力开始时候大家不必忙着乱记一通，事实上，什么都不用写，镇定情绪，听清说话者的立场即可。接着，和阅读中相似，说话者会从三个方面阐述支持自己的观点，很多情况下，这三点和阅读中的三点是刚好契合，一一对应的。但听力三方面的分论据往往是从阅读中无法推断的，所以分论点及论据是需要同学进行笔记的，应当记的是key words，切忌洋洋洒洒想记全一句话，最后自己也难以读懂托福综合写作高分还需要提升记忆容量各位考生不妨观察一下自己抄写英文句子的情况。大多数未经训练的第二语言学习者很可能都是每写下一个词就要回去重新读一次才能继续抄下去-有的时候甚至可能需要每写一个字母就要返回文本重看一眼才能继续。这说明此人的记忆容量只能容纳一个词(或者甚至连一个词都容纳不了)。记忆容量大的人理解文本更为容易，又因为能够理解所以记忆文本更加容易，进而又因为能够记得住而联系上下文更为轻松，而记忆容量过小的人基本上连看完一篇*都非常吃力。不过，只要稍加训练，记忆容量就会扩充至足够用的地步。迅速将自己的英文记忆容量提高到"够用"的地步，最好的方法就是通过"跟读"、"朗读"训练平日积累。因为朗读可以非常有效而又迅速地提高文字理解能力。这很关键，记不住的最重要原因并非"记忆力差"-无论记忆力多好，都很难记住无法理解、无法关联的信息-听得懂才容易记得住。总而言之，托福综合写作想要获得高分，考生欠缺读听写那个部分的能力都是很难实现的，而上分这些各个环节的高分经验技巧，相信会给大家提供很好的参考和补充。托福高分作文常用词汇整理汇总 这些精选副词学起来托福写作高分词汇实例赏析：副词类accordingly 相应地、对应地Through internships, students will become familiar with the companies expectations towards competitive graduates and build their career path accordingly.adversely 不利地、负面地The children and spouse of a smoker will be adversely affected by the constant smoke in their environment.alarmingly 惊人地、令人惊奇地China has the largest population in the world, and therefore the business industry is bound to grow at an alarmingly fast rate.astoundingly 惊人地、令人惊奇地The urban population produces astoundingly large amounts of pollution, for example, the alleged white pollution which is creeping all over the country.basically 主要地、基本地Basically, the problem-solving skills learnt in science are beneficial in curing diseases and developing new energy technologies.comparatively 比较地、相当地In addition, due to the comparatively higher prices of handmade products, consumers might be hesitant before deciding to buy them.completely 完全地、彻底地News broadcasts on television are supplying completely trustworthy information concerning the latest happenings at home and abroad.considerably 相当地、非常地The educational level of citizens considerably depends on the quality of teachers in higher learning institutions.consistently 一贯地、一致地In order to avoid health problems, young people should consistently participate in outdoor activities.deeply 深深地、深入地The value of “unity ispower” is deeply rooted in peoples minds.eventually 最终地、最后地Most ordinary citizens joined in the struggles against enemies, and as a result, they survived and eventually lived in peace.exceedingly 极度地、非常The people of strong ability to plan and organize are exceedingly capable of administering a large number of employees or assistants.exceptionally 异常地、特殊地To illustrate, when a person manages to complete a formidable job, a strong sense of fulfillment will rise up and make him/her exceptionally honored and happy.excessively 过分地、过度地Peer pressure often causes youngsters to spend excessively on fancy clothes and accessories.fully 充分地、完整地Only through residing in dormitories could college students fully experience the essence of university education.highly 高度地、非常That is why the government is highly concerned about improvements in traffic conditions and invests heavily in the construction of a more advanced infrastructure.increasingly 越来越多地、渐增地Students attend colleges to obtain more opportunities for advancement in an increasingly competitive job market.inescapably/inevitably 不可避免地、必然地Peoples behavior inevitably/inescapably reflects their nature.inextricably 密不可分地、无法摆脱地When a university is established, it becomes inextricably connected to the community where it is located.inherently 固有地、内在地Most magazines of the mass media industry, being inherently commercial, are driven by business motivations.overly 过度地、极度地Souvenirs are overly expensive in some tourist sites.possibly/probably 可能地、大概Critical thinking skills help students fight poverty and make the nation possibly/probably fairer and freer.presumably 可能地、大概Creativity is needed when one is building new companies that will presumably create new jobs and boost the local economy.radically 根本地、彻底地The old fashion is suddenly new again viewed in the context of a radically different environment.regularly 定期地、有规律地Medical research indicates that those who conduct physical exercise regularly face fewer risks of diseases than those who never do it.remarkably 显著地、非常地Being limited to only one type of books might remarkably narrow a readers mind and knowledge scope.seemingly 似乎地、好似New graduates prefer to work in large companies that seemingly attach great importance to the social welfare benefits of their working staff.significantly 重大地、值得注目地Automobiles have significantly influenced every aspect of society in many ways and have changed to keep up with the times.similarly 相似地、同样地Similarly, it becomes difficult for students to know which job best fits them after graduation due to their lack of real-life experience.substantially 实质上、大量地The habitats of wild animals may substantially dwindle, which will destroy the diversity of animals and the ecological balance.thoroughly 彻底地、绝对地Everyone should appreciate and thoroughly comprehend the essential value of friendship.undeniably 不可否认地、确凿无疑地Undeniably, each manager has to take risks and prepare for potential challenges during the struggle toward generating profits and achieving further development.undoubtedly 确实地、毋庸置疑地Undoubtedly, computers have changed the way individuals interact with each other in American society.unsurprisingly 不出所料地、不出奇地Unsurprisingly, students who are under constant stress in their studies may suffer from mental problems or even commit crimes.vastly 极大地、深远地The agricultural way of life has played a vastly important part in the countrys history.