可数与不可数名词.docx

可数与不可数名词 寒假专题二：名词数的表达 二. 重点、难点： 语法详解：不可数名词及可数名词数的表达 三. 具体内容： 重难点解析： 英语表达数目和数量的特别方法 不可数名词没有表示复数的“s”标志，因此前面不可有数目字，只可以有数量词。例如我们可以说，不可以说： There is not much furniture in the office. There are not many furnitures in the office. 这是不是说不可数名词就不可数呢？不然。相反的，不可数名词也是可数的，主要方法是借助单位词，如： a piece of，a cup of，a drop of，a lump of，a handful of，a flash of，a blade of，a head of，a bar of，an ear of等。 如果数目超过“一”，就以确实数目取代“一”。例如： two pieces of，three cups of 和 five lumps of 等。 现在试试把上述这类单位词和适当的不可数名词连用。 Mr. Li has just bought a piece of new furniture. Give me a cup of cold water，please. Please put two lumps of sugar in my coffee. The boy picked up two handfuls of sand from the beach. We saw a flash of lightning in the sky. The gardener pulled out blades of wild grass from the garden. She gave bars of chocolate to the visiting children. 有些名词如 scissors，trousers，spectacles，tongs，pliers 等，都以复数形式出现，如： The scissors are lying on the table. The spectacles fit me nicely. 如果要给这些名词表示单数“一”的意思，就要借重单位词了。例如： Mary has just bought a pair of scissors. 11 The mechanic repaired the machine with a set of pliers. 现代英语注重简洁，合成形容词便应运而生，其中有一种是用来表示数目的，方法是： “数目+名词”，如：a fiveyear plan，a tendollar note，a twohour meeting，a threeday conference等。 必须注意的是，这种合成形容词中的名词，只能以单数形式出现。如果用复数，就错了，如： a fiveyears plan，a tendollars note，a twohours meeting，a threedays conference. 这类错误，虽然频率不是很高，但也是要留意才好。 如果没有把握，不妨用完整的表达方式，如： a fiveyear plana plan of five years a tendollar notea note of ten dollars a threeday conferencea conference of three days 等。 可数名词和不可数名词 一、名词：名词是所有事物的名称，包括人、物及抽象概念。名词分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。名词在句子中作主语，宾语或表语等。 1. 普通名词 普通名词是某类人、事件、物体和抽象概念的名称。根据所指代物体的特征，普通名词又可分为以下四类： A. 个体名词： 表示人或物体中可以数清的个体。如：student、pen、bird等。 B. 集体名词： 表示由个体组成的集合体。如：people、police、family等 C. 物质名词： 表示构成物体物质的不可数名词，或表示无法分为个体的物质的名词。如：water、air、wood等。 D. 抽象名词： 表示动作、状态、品质、情感等非具体化的抽象概念。如：work、peace、love等。 2. 专有名词： 专有名词是某些人、事物、机构、组织等特有的名称。主要包括：人名、地名、国名、党派名称等。如：Churchill、Tokyo、China等。 二、可数名词和不可数名词。 1）可数名词： 一般来说个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。 例如： a book, two books, a student, three students, a family, many families。 名词单数变复数变化如下： 1. 词尾直接加s如： catcats bagbags daydays 2. 以s, sh, ch, x 结尾的词加es 如： classclasses matchmatches box boxes dish dishes 3. 以辅音加y结尾的词变y为i, 加es. 元音加y结尾的词直接加s, 如：partyparties citycities storystories boyboys monkey monkeys key keys 等。 4. 以f或fe结尾的词, 变f或fe为v, 加es,如： wife wives half halves 注意特殊情况直接加“s”，要逐个记 chiefs, handkerchiefs, roofs. 5. 以辅音加o 结尾的词常加es, 如：tomatoes, potatoes, heroes. 元音加o结尾直接加s. 如：radios, zoos, pianos. 特殊情况：photos 6. 名词单数变复数特殊变化也要逐个记。如： manmen, womanwomen, toothteeth, goosegeese, footfeet, childchildren, mousemice 2）不可数名词 不可数名词不能用数字计算。包括物质名词及抽象名词等。所以它通常只有单数形式。如：English, air, water, cotton, work 不可数名词表示数量时，可以用量词来表达其结构是数词+量词+of+名词。如：a bottle of water, two cups of tea, three pieces of paper 注意事项： 1. 不可数名词没有复数变化，不能用a，an，但可用the，或不用冠词，如：Bread is the usual breakfast. 2. 虽然不可数名词没有复数变化，但量词超过一时要加复数。 如：three cups of coffee, five bottles of water 3. 有量词修饰时注意名词是否可数，不可数时用单数，可数时用复数，如：ten bags of rice ten baskets of eggs 1. 英语句式要在主语、谓语上保持数的一致。 1）These are new_. A. book B. a book C. books D. / 注：名词的复数形式及其发音。 可数名词的复数形式一般在单数形式后+s , 清辅音后的s读/s/, 浊辅音或元音后的s 读/z/. mapmaps /s/ friendfriends /z/ radioradios /z/ 在s,x, ch, sh结尾的词后+es , 此es读/iz/ foxfoxes busbuses boxboxes wishwishes watchwatches classclasses 在以辅音字母+y的词后，把y变成 i ，再加es, 此es读/iz/;元音字母+y结尾的词则+s,读/z/. storystories citycities boyboys playplays daydays 以f,fe结尾的词，把f,fe变成v, 再加es, es读/z/。 wifewives leafleaves wolfwolves beefbeeves 以o结尾的词，多数+es, 少数+s, 都读/z/ tomatotomatoes heroheroes potatopotatoes NegroNegroes radioradios pianopianos zoozoos photophotos 词形不变 deer sheep Chinese Japanese 有的复数在词形上要作相应变化： a German Germans an American Americans an Egyptian Egyptians an Arab Arabs a Russian Russians an Italian Italians a Frenchman Frenchmen an Englishman Englishmen 特殊变化 man men woman women fisherman fishermen foot feet tooth teeth goose geese child children mouse mice ox oxen policeman policemen 2. 抽象名词的用法：英语中有一部分名词用来表示抽象概念，这些抽象名词前不加“ a ”，后不加“ s”. 1）His father went to his doctor for _ about his heart trouble. A. an advice B. some advice C. advice 又如： progress information fun news weather work housework homework advice为不可数名词，没有复数形式。可以说some advice, 但不能说an advice 表示一条建议：a piece of advice 一条信息： a piece of information 例1 Swimming is _ in summer. A. a great fun B. great fun C. great funs D. great a fun fun是抽象名词，前面不能用冠词，也没有复数形式。 如：Youre sure to have some fun at the New Years party. Dont make fun of John. 例2 Mother does all the housework in our home. 例3 We have finish our _. A. homework B. homeworks C. job D. works homework和housework均没有复数形式。 job是可数名词，job还有“职位、职业”的意思。 D. the advices Ive got a job for you, wash these bowls. He has a good job in a bank. He has been out of a job for months. work是指具体的“工作”，是不可数名词，没有复数形式。但works有“工事，工程、工厂”的意思。 I see youve made some drawings of our defence works. A chemical works has been put up in my home town. 3. 不可数名词表示量的方法。 1）Ill tell you _. A. a good news B. good a news C. a piece of good news D. some piece of good news 2）There are _ books in our school library. A. piles and piles B. pile and pile of C. piles and piles of D. pile of 又如： Front page news isvery important. No news is good news. There are some pieces of news. a glass of milk two glasses of milk two bowls of meat a plate of fish two pieces of advice a bottle of water ten pieces of paper two pieces of bread a pile of books 可用much, a little, a lot of , much, little, plenty of+ 不可数名词表示不可数名词的量。 There is much water in the cup. We have a little time. We have plenty of snow in winter in our country. 4. 同一名词的不同含义。 ·fish和fishes的区别。fish当食物用“鱼、鱼肉”解释时，是物质名词，这时的fish总是单数形式。fishes变成复数形式，表示“种类”。 1）He doesnt like_ very much. A. fish B. fishes C. fishs 又如： D. fish meat We had fish for dinner. They caught many fishes last night. ·a room和room的不同概念。room表示“空间、地方”时是不可数名词，room 前不加冠词；room表示“房间”时是可数名词。 2）Children should make _ for old people in a bus. A. room B. a room This is a house with three rooms. C. rooms D. the room The fat lady took up too much room. 又如： ·chicken当“鸡肉”讲时是不可数，chicken也可作可数名词当“小鸡”讲。 3）Is there _ on that plate? A. some chicken B. any chicken C. some chickens D. any chicken 4）There are _ under that tree. A. some chicken B. some chickens C. much chicken D. a lot of chickens ·wood 作“木头”解时，是物质名词，不可数名词，没有复数形式，前面不能加冠词a 5）We need two _ to repair the table. A. block of woods B. blocks of wood C. block of wood D. blocks of woods 6）Tables are made of _. A. wood B. woods C. some woods D. a wood This kind of wood can be made into chairs and tables. ·woods是“树林”的意思，总是用复数形式。 The boys could hear birds whistling at the edge of the woods. 类似这样的名词还有： water 水 waters 水域 sand 沙子 sands 沙滩 work 工作 works 著作 fruit 水果 fruits 劳动果实 good 利益 goods 货物 7）Ten years had passed. I found she had _. A. a little white hair B. some white hair C. a few white hairs D. much white hair ·hair泛指毛发时为不可数名词，没有复数形式，是“毛发的总称”。不管多少都用hair I must have my hair cut. My hair has grown very long. ·若指“一根或几根毛发”时，hair则为可数名词。 There are three white hairs on his coat. I have found a hair in the soup. 8）We know _ doesnt travel so fast as light. A. sound B. sounds C. a sound D. the sound sound作不可数名词用时，意思是“一般性的声音”，不是指“某一所能听到的声音”。 Sound travels at 1,100 feet per second. 指“一次发出的声音”，sound 就变为可数名词了。 He opened the door without making a sound. 9）Please hand your _in ! A. paper B. papers C. a paper paper当“纸”讲是不可数名词。 D. the papers paper当“卷子”、“图纸”、“报纸”讲是可数名词。 a piece of paper a sheet of paper What do the papers say? He has read a paper on teaching of English. Our teacher looked over our examination papers. paper前可加上不定冠词“a”表示“一种的纸”。 Bamboo can be made into a good paper. 5. 同一名词的不同含义。英语中有些名词既是可数名词又是不可数名词，但意思不一样，使用时要注意区别。 1）I wonder why _ are interested in watching TV plays. A. the people B. people C. peoples D. the peoples people 泛指“人民、人们”时，是单数的形式复数的意思，是集合名词，前面不能加冠词，不能用复数形式peoples, 后面的谓语动词应用复数形式。 How many people are there in your family? Five. There were a lot of people at yesterdays meeting. The Chinese people are hardworking and brave. 当people作“民族”解释时，是普通的可数名词，有单数和复数两种形式。 The Chinese are a peaceloving people. There are twenty people from five peoples in the room. The peoples of the world must unite in the causes of freedom and peace. 与people用法相似的还有police“警察”。 the police指“警方”或“一群警察”， police的形式总是单数，而谓语动词用复数形式。 The police havecaught the murderer. police前不能使用“确定的数字”，但police前可以使用“不确定的数字”。 Several hundred police are needed. 要表示确定数量的警察，可以说： a policeman three policemen 6. 只有复数的名词表示量的方法。 1）If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller_. A. set B. one C. piece D. pair 有些名词只用复数形式，常见的有：trousers, glasses, 这两个词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 My trousers are too long. 也可以在trousers或glasses前加上a pair of 表示“一副”，当a pair of trousers作主语时，谓语动词用单数第三人称形式，表示复数时把量词变为复数形式。 There is a pair of glasses on the table. There are five pairs of trousers on the bed. John bought two pairs of shoes for himself yesterday. 7. 名词的复数形式表示法。表示“女医生”，“女司机”复数的变化。 1）There are sixtyseven _ in our school. A. womens teacher B. women teachers C. woman teachers D. women teacher a woman teacher women teachers a woman doctor women doctors a woman driver women drivers 8. 名词作定语表示“类别”的用法。 1）The children are planting _ trees. A. apples B. an apple C. apple D. a apples 当名词作定语表示“类别”时只用单数形式，该名词不加“s”形式。 There are two coffee cups on the table. 而two cups of coffee, 是“两杯咖啡”的意思。 They went into a book store to buy some books. There is a glass factory near our school. a table lamp a bus stop a tomato field sound waves light waves room number bird food home use city noise letter boxes lunch room traffic accident bus driver 9. 名词所有格的构成。 1）The second room is the _ office. A. teacher B. teachers C. teachers D. teachers 表示有生命名词的所有格，单数名词后加s ,复数名词后加s , 不规则名词复数后加s 2）That is _ violin. A. Tom B. Toms C. Toms D. Tom 3）_ parents are famers. A. John B. Johns C. Johns D. Johns 4）My aunt is _. A. my fathers brother B. my fathers sister C. my sisters father D. my brothers father 5）Where are the _ bags? A. womens B. womans C. women of D. of women 6） The _ books have been stolen by a thief. A. children B. childrens C. childrens 10. “在某人的家或商店”的用法。 1）I stayed at _ last Sunday. A. my uncles B. of my uncles 表示在某人的家有两种表示方法。 at Mr. Browns house = at Mr. Browns at a tailors shop = at a tailors at a doctors office = at a doctors He called at Mr. Browns last year. He went to the doctors . D. childrens C. my uncles family D. my uncle 11. 无生命的名词所有格的构成。 1）Did you ask for a _ leave? A. twodays B. two days C. two days D. twodays 表示时间、距离、国家、城镇等无生命的名词，其所有格在该名词后加s 2）A _ walk didnt make me tired. A. twohour B. twohours C. twohours D. twohourss 3）Its _ walk. A. three kilometres B. three kilometres C. three kilometres D. of three kilometre This is a piece of Shanghais newspaper. He is listening to todays news by radio. Beijing is Chinas capital. 4）After playing football we took _ rest. A. a few minutes B. a few minutes C. a little minutes D. a little minutes 5）The earth is one of the _ planets. A. sun B. suns C. suns D. suns 12. 无生命的名词所有格用 of 表示。 On the wall there is a _. A. Chinas map B. map of China C. China map D. Chinese map 又如： the windows of the room a map of the world the people of other countries There are two pictures of the forest on the wall. We repaired the beds of the flowers. 13. 双重所有格的用法。 1）He is _. A. an old friend of me B. an old friend mine C. an old friend of my D. my an old friend 2）Miss Smith is a friend of _. A. Marys mothers B. Marys mother C. mothers of Mary D. Mary mothers This is an invention of Toms fathers. 14. 单词辨析。family , home , house 1）Our new _ has four bedrooms and a sitting room. A. home B. house C. family D. place family 指组成家庭的成员。 How many people are there in your family? His family is close. home指某人出生及日常生活的那种环境，不涉及家庭成员。 Lets go home, for it is getting darker and darker. The Smiths are at home. My home is in Nanjing. house一般指居住的建筑物，它可以出租买卖。 His house was built of stones. He has a house with a beautiful small garden. The houses are on show. 15. 单词辨析 money cent pay dollar 1）The dentist did not tell how many _ I should pay for pulling out the tooth. A. pay B. money C. cent D. dollars money 是不可数名词，没有复数形式，不能用many cent 是可数名词，意思是“美分”，但须用复数形式。 pay是“工资”的意思，也是不可数名词。 dollar 是可数名词，复数是dollars I. 找出下列笑话中的可数名词，并写出其复数形式： In the market, a buyer asked a seller “How much is this cat, please?” “100 dollars.” “But you only asked for 20 dollars yesterday!” “Yes, thats true. But this cat ate a bird last night and the bird was worth 80 dollars!” II.