初中英语动词不定式精讲精练.docx

初中英语动词不定式精讲精练动词不定式 动词不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式，没有人称和数的变化，不能单独作句子的谓语。其构成形式为"to+动词原形"，to为动词不定式的符号，本身无意义。动词不定式具有两大特点： 1.具有动词的特点，因此，后面可以跟表语、宾语或状语，构成动词不定式短语。 2.具有名词、形容词或副词的特点，可以在句子中用作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语、定语、表语及同位语等 1.作主语 动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种： (1)把不定式置于句首。如： To get there by bike will take us half an hour. 骑自行车到那儿将花费我们半个小时。 To make up for lost time is not possible. 要弥补失去的时光是不可能的。 To lean out of the window is dangerous. 身子探出窗外很危险。 To save money now seems impossible. 现在好像不可能存钱。 (2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如： It+be+名词+to do It's our duty to take good care of the old. 这是照顾老人是我们的责任。 It takes sb+some time+to do How long did it take you to finish the work? 你花了多少时间来完成这项工作吗？ It+be+形容词+for sb+to do It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour. 我们难以在四分之一小时内完成这篇作文。 It is stupid of you to write down everything (that) the teacher says. It is an offence to drop litter in the street. 在马路上乱丢废物是违章的。 It seems(appears)+形容词+to do It seemed impossible to save money. 在句型中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等；在句型中，常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is+形容词+to do句式 ，如：It's kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to help me with my English. It + 不定式结构可位于believe/consider/discover/expect/find/think和wonder之后 He thought it would be safer to go by train. 他认为乘火车比较安全。 He will find it is hard to make friends. 他会感觉到交朋友困难。 1 不定式的完成式也可作句子的主语 To have made the same mistake twice was unforgivable. 两次犯同样的错误是不可原谅的。 It is better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all. 爱过而后失去了爱，比从未爱过要好。 (3)举例 It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了 easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better; the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。 It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。 It's very kind of him to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。 Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的) 例句: It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。 It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。 注意： 其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is to的句型 (对)To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 (错)It is to believe to see. 练习1. It's our duty _ the room every day. A. to clean B. cleaned C. clean D. cleans(甘肃省) 2. It's hard for us _ English well. A. learn B. learns C. to learn D. learning(江西省) 3.建造这座立交桥将花费工人们一年多的时间。 It will _ the workers over a year _ _ the flyover.(北京市海淀区) 4. It's very nice _ you to get me two tickets _ the World Cup. A. for， of B. of， for C. to， for D. of， to(安徽省) 3作宾语 1) 以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语 afford ，agree，aim(力求做到)，appear，arrange，ask，attempt ，care，choose，claim，condescend，consent，decide，demand，determine，endeavor，expect，fail，help，hesitate，hope，learn，manage，neglect，offer，plan，prepare，pretend，proceed，promise，prove，refuse，resolve，seem，swear，tend，threaten，undertake，volunteer，vow，want，wish 举例： The driver failed to see the other car in time. 2 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。 I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。 2） 动词+疑问词+ 不定式 decide,know,consider forget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,find out,explain,tell Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。 There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。 注意：疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。 The question is how to put it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。 3)当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：主语+动词+it+补语+to do句式。如： We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well. He feels it his duty to help the poor. I find it difficult to learn English well. 练习：1. He wants _ some vegetables. A. buy B. buying C. to buy D. buys (山西省) 2. Don't forget _ your homework with you when you come to school. A. to bring B. bringing C. to take D. taking (福建省) 3. He found it very difficult _. A. sleeping B. sleepsC. slept D. to fall asleep (湖南省) 4作补语 1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do) advise allow believe cause challenge compel declare encourage forbid force find hire induce instruct invite like order permit persuade remind request require select send suppose tell train urge 例句： a. Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 b. We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。 练习1. Robert often asks us _ his Chinese, so his Chinese is much better than before. A. help him B. to help him with C. to help with D. helps him with (江苏省) 2. Mr Li often teaches his Japanese friends _ Chinese food. A. cook B. cooks C. to cook D. cooked (甘肃省) 5 Find 的特殊用法： Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。 I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn. I found that to learn English is important. 3 6典型例题： The next morning she found the man _ in bed，dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying 答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。 2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。 Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。 7典型例题: Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D，此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。 3) to be +形容词 Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean The book is believed to be uninteresting. 人们认为这本书没什么意思。 4) there be+不定式 believe,expect,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,want,wish,undrstand We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。 有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard,think believe,take,consider. We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。 Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。 5)秃头不定式作补语 秃头不定式， 即不带“to”的不定式，其语法功能一般在句子中作宾语的补语。 用秃头不定式作宾语补足语的常用动词如下： 口诀：“五看、三使役“，“两听、一感”要记住，若是“宾补”变“主补”，主补“to”字不能无。动词let属例外，其宾补/主补“to”均无。说明： 五看-see/watch/notice/observe/look at；三使役-have/make/let；两听-hear/listen to；一感-feel。 例句：I often see him go to school on foot.(秃头不定式作宾语补足语) He is often seen to go to school on foot.(不定式作主语补足语，要带“to”) Let him try again.- He is let try again.(let的主补与宾补均用秃头不定式) 练习：1. We saw him _ the building and go upstairs. A. to enter B. enter C. entering D. entered (河南省) 2. So much work usually makes them _ very tired. A. to feel B. feels C. feeling D. feel (吉林省) 3. Your father is sleeping. You'd better _. A. not wake up him B. not to wake up him C. not wake him up D. not to wake him up (陕西省) 4. I was made _ my homework in the afternoon. A. do B. doing C. to do D. did (贵州省) 4 8作表语 不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。 To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter. What I would suggest is to put off the meeting. 当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，一是结果。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组时，或以what引导的名词性分句，不定 式说明主语的内容。 Our work is serving the people. What he likes is taking a walk after supper. The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting. 句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如Serving thepeople is our work,而句中是现在分词作表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容词的各种特征，另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来。 9作状语 目的状语 To only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such) as to (如此以便) He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。 I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。 作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。 What have I said to make you angry. He searched the room only to find nothing. 。 (2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词。 (3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍用主动语态；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态。 (4)不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例to arrive=that will arrive。 练习：1. Would you like something _? A. drink B. drinking C. to drink D. drinks (湖北省) 2. I have a lot of homework _. A. do B. doing C. did D. to do (河南省) 3. He is not an easy man _. A. get on B. to get on C. get on with D. to get on with (山东省) 区别联系 1 动名词与不定式的区别 动名词表达的是：状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的 不定式表达的是：目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的 2 接不定式或动名词，意义相同 3在下列情况下，一般要用不定式： hate,like,love前有would(should)时，如：I'd like to have a cup of coffee. 当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时，如：The students are starting to work on the difficult maths problem. begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时，如：I soon began to understand what was happening. advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不定式作宾语补足语。如： Our teachers don't permit our/us swimming in the lake. Our teachers don't permit us to swim in the lake. 4 部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。 forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。如： Don't forget to post the letter for me. Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport? Remember to close the windows before you leave. I remember writing him a letter a year ago. We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting. 6 They regretted ordering these books from abroad. 语义不同 1 stop to do stop doing 2 forget to do forget doing 3 remember to do remember doing 4 regret to do regret doing 5cease to do cease doing 6 try to do try doing 7 go on to do go on doing 8 afraid to do afraid doing 9 interested to do interested doing 10 mean to do mean doing 11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing 1. Please stop _ a rest if you feel tired. A. to have B. having C. have D. has (广西壮族自治区) 2. Why didn't you buy some bread on your way home? Sorry, I forgot _ some money with me. A. take B. taking C. to take D. took (湖北省) 3. Let's have a rest, shall we? Not now, I can't stop _ the letters. A. write B. to write C. writing D. and write (湖北省) 4. Jim was badly hurt, so he had to stop _ (walk). (用所给单词的正确形式填空)(四川省) 基础练习题 1. Don't forget _ the letter. A. to send B. send C. sending D. being sent 2. The chair looks very old, but in fact it is very comfortable to _. A. sit B. sit on C. be sat D. be sat on 3. Is _ necessary to return the book tomorrow? A. this B. that C. it D. which 4. I'm afraid they would not allow him _ here. A. to smoke B. smoking C. smokes D. smoke 5. Mother told me _ the water before I drank it. A. boiling B. boiled C. boil D. to boil 6. On my way home, I stopped _ some food. A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. bought 7. John was made _ the car for a week as a punishment. A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing 8. The sitting-room needs _, but it'll have to wait until Saturday. A. be cleaning B. to be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned 9. The first thing I want to do is _. 7 A. visit to him B. to visit him C. visiting him D. visited him 10. Li Yang advised me _ too much, otherwise I would have been drunk. A. not to drink B. to drink C. not drinking D. drinking 根据上句意思完成下句，使两句意思相近或相同，每空一词。 1. He was so angry that he couldnt say anything. He was too angry _ _ anything. 2. I dont know when we will have the meeting. I dont know when _ _ the meeting. 3. He said he would write a letter. He said he would have a letter _ _. 4. That you read English in the morning is very important. It is very important _ you _ _ English in the morning. 5. He was so strong that he could lift the stone. He was strong _ _ _ the stone. 6. His father went to Beijing for his holiday. His father went to Beijing _ _ his holiday. 7. They got up early so that they could get there in time. They got up early _ _ _ _ there in time. 8. His brother decided that he would buy the book. His brother decided _ _ the book. 9. He hopes that he can visit the Great Wall. He hopes _ _ the Great Wall. 10.I saw him go into the room. He was seen _ _ into the room. 11.We made him work five hours a day. He was made _ _ five hours a day. 12.Do you want to say anything for yourself? Do you have anything _ _ for yourself? 13.We dont know what we shall do next. We dont know what _ _ next. 14.Im very sorry on hearing the bad news. Im very sorry _ _ the bad news. 15.He stopped and had a look at me. He stopped _ _ a look at me. 16.I helped him with his English. I helped him _ _ English. 17.My father promised that he would buy me a bike. My father promised _ _ me a bike. 18.The box is so heavy that I cant carry it. The box is too heavy _ me _ _. 19.“Lie down! ”the boy said to his dog. The boy ordered his dog _ _ down. 20.“Dont make any noise, ”she said to me. She told me _ _ _ any noise. 8 巩固提高题 1.This company was the first _ portable radios as well as cassette tape recorders in the world. A. producing B. to produce C. having produced D. produced 2. The purpose of new technology is to make life easier, _it more difficult. A .not making B. not make C .not to make D. nor to make 3. Helen had to shout _above the sound of the music . A .making herself hear B. to make herself hear C. making herself heard D .to make herself heard 4. I dont know whether you happen_ ,but I am going to study in the U.S.A this September. A .to be heard. B. to be bearing C .to hear D .to have heard 5. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _the film stars had left. A .to tell B .to be told C .telling D .told 6. You were silly not _your car. A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked 7. The teacher asked us _so much noise. A .dont make B. not make C. not making D .not to make 8. An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered _clear warnings before firing any shots. A .to issue B. being issued C. to have issued D. to be issued 9. Id rather have a room of my own, however small it is, than_ a room with someone else. A. to share B. to have shared C. share D. sharing 10. The bank is reported in the local newspaper_ in broad daylight yesterday. A. robbed B. to have been robbed C. being robbed D. having been robbed 11. A number of paintings in the castle