传染病学英文名词解释 简答.docx

传染病学英文名词解释 简答Part Noun explanation 1. convert infection/subclinical infection(隐性感染/亚临床感染)：it means only a special immune response without or with very mild damage to the host after the agent entered which can be diagnosed by serologic means with demonstration of either a single high titer or a fourfold rise in titer to the infection. It is the most common model. 2. carrier state(病原携带状态)：it is a person who is colonized with an organism but shows no evidence of disease, although disease may have been present earlier. A carrier is a very important source of infection as the organisms can be disseminated from him. 3. source of infection(传染源)： it is referred to a person or animal in which the pathogen stay and multiply and can be disseminated . 4. route of transmission(传播途径): the route the pathogen entered another susceptible after been disseminated from the source of infection. 5. susceptible(易感者): it is referred to a person who lacks immunity to a specific infectious disease. 6. relapse(复发)：it means the return of symptoms after they have apparently ceased during convalescence which is caused by the multiplication of the pathogen in the host. It is often seen in typhoid fever, malaria, et al. 7. recrudescence(再燃): it means the reappearance of symptoms after temporary cessation. 8. spider angiomata(蜘蛛痣)：Spider angiomata are small red macules with fine red lines radiating from it like "spider legs". They blanch when compressed(压之褪色). They represent tiny dilated collateral blood vessels and are seen in patients with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis. 9. window phase：The window phase is the time from exposure to the organism until one is tested positive for the infection. Someone in the window phase may test negative but actually be positive and able to spread the organism. 10. street strain(野毒株/街毒株): it is referred to rabies virus isolated from the naturally infected animals or human with strong pathogenecity and long incubation period. 11. fixed strain(固定毒株): After being subcultured in rabbit brain for many times (at least 50 times), the virulence of the street strain decreased greatly, but its immunogenicity remained. It is called fixed strain and often used for vaccine production. 1 12. Negri body: Negri body is pathognomonic for rabies virus infection. It is oval eosinophilic neuronal cytoplasmic inclusion measuring 3-10 micron in diameter. They are most consistenetly seen in the pyramidal cells of hippocampus and Purkinje cells of cerebellum. 13. septicemia(败血症)：Septicemia is an acute generalized infection caused by the invasion into the blood stream of a pathogenic or an opportunistic organism. While staying persistently and multiplying rapidly in the blood stream, these organisms liberate toxins or metabolites which elicit general toxic symptoms and tissue damage of various organs. 14. rose spots(玫瑰疹)：They are blanking pink macular spots 2-4 mm in diameter at day 713 of typhoid fever. The rash is seen most commonly on the thorax and abdomen, rarely on back and the extremities. 15. herxheimer reaction(赫氏反应): It is caused as a direct result of using spirocheticidal drugs (mainly antibiotics) to treat individuals with a spirochetal disease which results in an increase in the symptoms of the treated condition. 16. ectopic lesion(异位损害): the schistosome eggs and/or adult worm migrate and parasitize the organs outside the portal venous system and cause damages. It is relatively high in lung and brain. 17. Hepatorenal syndrome: Acute renal failure occurring without other cause in a person with severe liver disease. The exact cause of hepatorenal syndrome is unknown. The kidney structure remains essentially normal and the kidneys often will instantly function well if the liver disease is corrected. 18. Widals test: A test involving agglutination of typhoid bacilli when they are mixed with serum containing typhoid antibodies from an individual having typhoid fever; used to detect the presence of Salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi. 19. Dane particle: It is complete virion of HBV，and it is composed of envelop and nucleus. There are HBsAg、glucoprotein and fatty in the envelop，and HBV-DNA, DNAp, HbcAg in the nucleus.It is the replicon of HBV. 20. SIRS: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome:with two or more of following conditions:fever(38)or hypothemia(36） tachypnea or PaCO24.3 Kpa tachycardia (heart rate 90 beats/min) leukocytosis(12×109/L) or 2 leucopenia(4×109/L). Part : 1. the five manifestation of infection(感染过程的五种表现) l l l Pathogen is killed or eliminated; Covert infection or subclinical infection, it is usually the most common; Overt infection or clinical infection: the pathogen enter the host and caused damages as well as immunological response. It is usually easy to be recognized in clinics. l l Carrier state: It is a very important source of infection; Latent infection: it is usually seen in herpesviridae, tuberculosis, malaria, et al. 2. Please describe briefly the factors involved in the pathogenecity of a pathogen(致病能力包括哪几个方面)? l Invasiveness: the ability of the agent to enter and to move through tissues; l Virulence: it is consists of toxins and other virulent factors; l Quantity: bigger quantity, stronger pathogenecity in the same disease; l Variability: The pathogen may mutate under the pressure of the environment or host. 3. the prerequisite of an epidemic of a communicable disease?(传染病流行的必要条件) Three prerequisite are required for a communicable disease to spread. First, there must be a source of infection which disseminate pathogen continuously. Second, there must some persons who lack special immunity to the disease, ie, susceptible. Last, the pathogen must reach the susceptible, the route of transmission. 4. the basic characteristic of communicable disease? The main difference between communicable disease and other disease is that the former has four basic characteristics. All communicable diseases are infectious diseases and both are caused by a pathogen. But the former have infectivity/ communicability, it is the main difference between them. And communicable diseases have some epidemiological feature. In addition, there is post-infection immunity no matter covert infection or overt infection. 5. clinical characteristics / diagnostic criteria of fulminant hepatitis/hepatitis gravis(重型肝炎的诊断标准)? 3 Fulminant hepatitis is a rare syndrome usually associated with hepatitis B. It is characterized by rapid clinical deterioration. Its diagnostic criteria in our country is: l l l l l l l Severe digestive disorder: poor feeding, nausea and frequent vomiting, fatigue; Progressively deepened jaundice; Hepatoencephalopathy; Hepatorenal syndrome; Decreased volume of liver; Bleeding pronenss; Rapidly increased ascites 6. clinical characteristics / diagnostic criteria of cholestatic hepatitis？ l Clinical symptoms: Jaundice is the main manifestation and it lasts longer than three weeks. Skin itch is usually more severe at night. Rashes can occur on the neck, chest, back, and wrists. Stool color becomes lighter and urine color becomes darker. Although there can be many symptoms, the patient usually will not feel extremely ill. l Laboratory tests: Direct bilirubin in the serum elevated and its proportion is more than 60% of the total bilirubin. Serum combined bile acid elevated to 10 to 20 times higher than the normal range. AKP, GGT, cholesterol, and 5- nucleotidase are obviously elevated, and the ALT elevation is moderate. l B-Ultrasound: It can distinguish intra or extra liver obstruction. 7. common / main manifestation of acute viral hepatitis？ l Malaise, anorexia, fever, dark urine, pale stools, jaundice, right upper quadrant pain and tender hepatomegaly; l l l Increased liver enzymes (ALT, AST), bilirubin, prothrombin time and globulin; Serum positive for hepatic virus; May have history of recent ingestion of undercooked shellfish or sewage-contaminated water. 8.the key points of blood culture before administration of antibiotics and during chills or high fever； repeat more than 3 times； the amount of the blood sample should be10ml in adults or older children, 5ml in 4 infants； blood samples should be treated with chemicals if antibiotics was used before or use blood clot for culture. bone marrow culture is recommended; drug sensitivity test is very necessary. 9. therapeutic principals of fulminant meningococcal meningitis? specific antibiotics should be given intravenously promptly. The preferred drug is penicillin; anti-shock therapy; use of glucocorticoids(糖皮质激素) such as methylprednisolone or DXM; if clinical signs suggest cerebral edema or the cerebrospinal fluid pressure is very high, measures to reduce brain swelling are indicated; anticoagulant therapy if DIC is present; supportive therapy to maintain vital organs. 10 main manifestations of acute schistosomiasis? The majority of infected person are asymptomatic or have mild, nonspecific symptoms. Only 5 to 10 percent of infected populations have severe clinical symptoms. They include chills, spiking fever, generalized weakness, myalgia, headache, anorexia, profuse diarrhea, and weight loss. Extensive urticaria may occur in large patches on various parts of the body. Nausea and vomiting are common and cough may be prominent. The fever usually lyses spontaneously 2 to10 weeks after onset. Physical findings are usually minimal but many include urticaria, patches of moist rales over both lung fields, generalized lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly. Marked elevation of peripheral blood eosinophilia is common. 11. Hemodialysis indication : Oliguric lasts4d，or anuria 24h Concentration of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine increased:BuN28.56mmol/l High catabolism state Hyperkalemia, Pulmonary edema or hypervolemic syndrome 12. Please describe the clinical manifestitation of typhoid fever at fastigium stage. 5 sustained fever、 relative bradycardia、 rose spots、 symptom of gastrointestinal system、 symptom of central nervous system、 hepatosplenomegaly 6