第三讲：直译与意译二ppt课件.ppt
第七讲（一）：,直译与意译（二）,一、直译与意译（literal translation and free translation,1.The time-honoured debate over word-for-word translation and sense-for-sense translation(Cicero,Horatius,Jerome etc.)In China,the debate is 直译、意译 直译：支谦法句经序：因循本旨，不加文饰 意译：鸠摩罗什(Kumarajiva)鸠摩罗什传：改梵为秦，失其藻蔚，虽得大意，殊隔文体，有似喂饭与人，非徒失味，乃令呕秽也。直译(literal translation)、意译(free translation、liberal translation)、死译(word for word translation)、胡译(uncontrolled/unrestricted translation),直译与意译：死译,死译：以词为单位、严格、机械的将译入语的词汇与原文对等，尽量做到“对号入座”。由于亦步亦趋，过分拘泥于原文的形式，译文生硬晦涩，往往是佶屈聱牙、难以卒读，或根本无法理解。1.The body lay white and still beneath the tree.Inadequate translation:这具尸体苍白而安静地躺在树下。2.The alternatives are clear to see.Inadequate translation:代替的方法，现在已经清楚在望。解决的方法，（另外能行通的方法）已经显而易见。,死译：,3.It was an old and ragged moon.（死译）那是一个又老又破的月亮。4.Many of his ideas are especially interesting to modern youth.（死译）他的许多思想对当代青年特别有趣。5.发展是硬道理。（死译）Development is hard reason.6.这件事给邻居知道，岂不笑歪了嘴？（死译）When neighbors heard of this,theyd laugh their mouths wry.（改译）When neighbors heard of this,theyd laugh their head off.,死译：,7.你唠叨得我耳朵都起了老茧。死译：Your nag has produced cocoons in my ears.改译：You have talked the hind leg off the donkey.8.Nixon was smiling and Kissinger smiling more broadly.（死译）尼克松微笑着，基辛格笑得更宽阔。9.An old dog like him never barks in vain.Whenever he barks,he always has some wise counsel worth listening to.死译：像他这样的老狗是从不乱叫的，一叫他总有高见值得一听。,直译：,直译：以句子为单位，尽量保持原文的语言结构、形式，以及隐喻等，有助于表现原文的形象、思维、语言趣味。Nida:The deepest structure level of language involves a pool of semantic universals.To be armed to tooth直译：武装到牙齿（意译：全副武装）Be packed like sardines 直译：象沙丁鱼（罐头）一样拥挤（意译：拥挤不堪）To shed crocodile tears直译：掉鳄鱼眼泪（意译：猫哭老鼠假慈悲）Kunta burst suddenly into tears,as much in fear as in grief.昆塔突然大哭起来，其害怕和悲哀是一样多。（死译）昆塔突然大哭起来，一方面是出于悲哀，另一方面是出于恐惧。（直译）,直译的条件,（1）某些习语和短语的翻译,例如：cold war 冷战hot line 热线hot girls in cool suit,spicy girl 辣妹Hot-selling books 热销书/畅销书black market 黑市pillar industry 支柱产业 Blood is thicker than water.血浓于水,直译的条件,（2）含义广为流传，读者较为熟悉的短语、习语等,直译可以丰富译语语言。例如：1)He walked at the head of the funeral procession,and every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief.他走在送葬队伍的前头，还不时用一条大手绢抹去那鳄鱼的眼泪。2)The Senate Foreign Relations Committee today extended the olive branch to the Clinton Government by pleading for cooperation in developing foreign policy.参议院外交委员会今天向克林顿政府伸出了橄榄枝，要求在发展外交政策上合作。,直译的条件,3)In the court action,Alain sprang his trump card by calling a surprise witness.在法庭诉讼中，阿兰突然打出了他的王牌 请出一位意想不到的证人。(杀手锏)4）海内存知己，天涯若比邻。Bosom friends there are within four seas,even the remotest regions are like close neighborsA bosom friend afar brings a distant land near.In wine there is truth.酒后吐真言。,直译的条件,（3）英语句子结构与中文较为接近时，直译能使译文显得通顺自然。例如：1)“Merry”,as you may know,has two meanings:happy and drunk.你可能知道“MERRY”有两层意思快乐和醉酒。2)Ill always remember Thanksgivings as the times we ate good food,sang old-fashioned songs,and shared a lot of love with family and friends.我将永远记得，感恩节是我们吃美食、唱老歌、与家人朋友分享爱的时刻。,如：,to show ones cards 摊牌shuttle diplomacy 穿梭外交a gentlemans agreement 君子协定to strike somebody when he is unprepared 攻其不备Soon got,soon gone.来得容易，去得快。Speech is silver,silence is golden.雄辩是银，沉默是金。,如：,When Jean graduated from high school she looked at the world through rose-colored glasses.（直译）吉恩（琼）高中毕业的时候，是戴着玫瑰色的眼镜看周围的一切的。（直译加意译）吉恩高中毕业的时候，总是透过玫瑰色的眼镜，把世界看得太美好。The burning questions of my childhood had been richly answered.（死译）我儿童时代在我心中燃烧的问题，终于得到了丰富的回答。（意译）我小时候梦寐以求想得到答案（困扰）的问题终于得到了圆满的回答。,如：,But no one forces you to go to the sea;it gets in your blood.（直译）但谁也没有强迫你出海，他进到你的血液里了。（意译）但谁也没有强迫你出海，是你心甘情愿的。Be/run/get in sbs blood:if an ability or tendency is/runs/goes in sbs blood,it is natural to them,意译,意译：指从意义出发，将原文的大意翻译出来，使译文自然、流畅。意译不注意原文的形式，如句法结构、用词、隐喻等手段。一般而言，大部分情况下（70%-80%的情况）都可以用直译；在无法直译的情况下便采用意译。如：1.There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term“intelligence”than there is on how to interpret or classify them.人们对智力这个术语所指的行为类型看法较为一致，而如何对其进行解释或分类，看法则不尽相同。2.Dont monkey with my camera.3.I couldnt agree more.,意译,4.This is a mere apology for soup.这实在不成其为汤（这只是汤的粗劣的代用品）。5.They were less than delighted to stay in town.他们不乐意呆在城里。6.I gave my youth to the sea and I came home and gave my wife my old age.（死译）我把青春献给海洋，我回到家的时候便把我的老年给了我的妻子。（意译）我把青春献给海洋，等我回到家里见到妻子的时候，已是白发苍苍。7.Here again transportation rears its ugly head.（死译）在这方面，运输问题又抬起它的丑恶脑袋了（意译）在这方面，运输问题又讨厌地突出起来了。,意译:,8.Among the blind the one-eyed man is king.（直译）在瞎子的王国里，独眼龙是国王。（意译）山中无老虎，猴子称大王。（过分归化）蜀中无大将，廖化为先锋。9.Cast pearls before swine.（直译）把珍珠扔到猪面前。（意译）对牛弹琴。10.Lock the door after the horse has been stolen.(讨论译文)亡羊补牢。（未为晚矣）11.His reputation and achievements outlived him.（死译）他的名望和成就比他本人经久多了。他去世以后，名望和成就广为流传。,意译的条件,：由于语言的差异，有时很难保持逐字对等且保持原文结构和语义，在这种情况下就得借助意译。奈达（Nida）提出在翻译中改变形式。1）literal trans will cause misunderstanding 2）an adopted expression has not taken root in the TL so that the TL readers will offer a free interpretation；3）a corresponding TL form will make the TL version seriously vague and gloomy；4）a corresponding TL form will make the TL version seriously ambiguous；5）a corresponding TL form will conflict with the sociolinguistic norm of the TL in style,communicative modes,etc.,特别是：,英语和中文表达的语义有较大差异，需要按照汉语习惯1包含典故的文化习语：进行表达，以避免违反文化习惯。例如：(1)Two heads are better than one.(2)你不要班门弄斧了.Remain modest before an authority.Dont display your axe at Lu Bans door.联想对应Dont teach a fish how to swim.Dont teach your grandmother how to suck eggs.,如：,as timid as a hare胆小如鼠at a stones throw一步之遥 wet like a drown rat 湿如落汤鸡 as stupid as a goose 蠢得像猪 as stubborn as a mule犟得像牛 seek a hare in a hens nest 缘木求鱼as dumb as an oyster守口如瓶,如：,lead a dogs life过着牛马一样的生活cry up wine and sell vinegar 挂羊头，卖狗肉put back the clock 开倒车talk horse 吹牛 kill the goose that lays the golden eggs 杀鸡取卵drink like a fish 牛饮Once the wife of a parson,always the wife of a parson.嫁鸡随鸡，嫁狗随狗。,如：,Last night I heard him driving his pigs into market.昨夜我听见他鼾声如雷。情人眼里出西施.Love is blind.Love makes the beloved lovely in the loves eye.,特别是：,2英译汉时能找到汉语的对等含义，但是语义有所差异，必须按照汉语的语言习惯表达.例如：Every dog has his day.人人都有得意的日子。风水轮着转。三十年河东，三十年河西。It is a long lane that has no turning.One boy is a boy,two boys half a boy,three boys no boy.一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。人多互打乱，鸡多不下蛋。Everyones business is nobodys business.,如：,beauty times brains equals a constant”的意思为：漂亮乘以智力等于一个常数。这话意味着，一个人越漂亮，智商就越低。汉语讲究对仗，也可译为：美者不慧，慧者不美,特别是：,3根据上下文语境，对有些词汇、句式进行适当调整、转换。例如：chain stores 连锁商店非请莫入。Staff only.Everyman is the architect of his own fate.每个人都是自己命运的主宰者。天不生人上之人，也不生人下之人。A virtuous wife is a mans best prize.贤惠的妻子是对一个男人最大的奖赏。妻贤夫祸少。,如：,(1)My master is dear to me,but still dearer is the truth.吾爱吾师,我更爱真理(2)生命诚可贵，爱情价更高，若为考研故，二者皆可抛。Love is dearer to me than life,but for the sake of the success in the postgraduate entrance examinations,both of them may be ignored.,如：,(3)Then,in September,1846,in a secret marriage ceremony,Elizabeth Barrett became Elizabeth Barrett Browning.1846年9月，他们举行了婚礼，仪式是秘密进行的，于是伊丽莎白巴雷特小姐变成了伊丽莎白巴雷特勃朗宁太太。(4)They seemed to be perfectly compatible,both intellectually and spiritually.他们才情并茂，精神融洽。,如：,三口之家 nuclear family三世同堂 the extended family with three generations under the same roof.爸爸，感谢您对我们的爱，你的辛勤工作让我和妈妈衣食无忧。Dear dad,thank you for your affection on us,your hard work always keeps bread on the table and roof over our head.The girl is a dead shot这位姑娘是神枪手。after the failure of his last novel,his reputation stands on slippery grounds.他的上部小说失败之后，声誉一落千丈。（不能译为站在滑动的场地上了。）,胡译,胡译：指背离原文，随意的增加、删减、改变原文的内容。It was an old woman,tall and shapely still,though withered by time,on whom his eyes fell when he stopped and turned.译1：当他站住并转身时,目光落在一个老年妇女的身上,她身材高,而且模样好，虽然时光使她变得干枯了。译2：他站住了,转过身来,定睛一看,是个年迈的妇女,她身材高而且匀称，虽然受了时间的折磨而有点憔悴。译3：他停住脚步,转过身来,目光落在一个年迈妇女身上。她身材高挑,虽受岁月的磨难而憔悴,但风韵仍不减当年。,直译与意译练习,1.Its more a poem than a picture.2.Fire goes wherever it can,but it prefers to follow a draft.3.The room was easily traced by the noise that was coming from it.4.Taking care to pitch my voice to politeness,I asked about the next bus to Hattiesburg.5.The bacteria pneumonia may complicate influenza at both extremes of age.6.World-famous for his works he was never personally well known,for throughout his life he avoided publicity.,答案：,1.与其说那是一幅画，不如说那是一首诗。2.火是无孔不入的，可是它更爱窜入通风的地方。3.循声而去，便轻而易举地找到了那间屋子。4.我陪着小心，用温和的口吻询问开往哈蒂斯堡下一班车的情况。（我小心翼翼，用礼貌的语调询问下一班开往哈蒂斯堡的班车何时出发。）5.患有流感的幼儿和老人可能并发细菌性肺炎。（viral pneumonia 病毒性肺炎）6.他的著作举世闻名，而他个人却一直少为人知，因为他一生始终避免抛头露面。,练习,7.While you are in the act of summoning your energies,focus on a plan.Dont exhaust yourself with fruitless excursions into any and all possibilities.8.A friend is someone who draws out your own best qualities,with whom you sparkle and become more of whatever the friendship draws upon.9.To petrol we owe the existence of the motor-car,which has replaced the private carriage drawn by the horse.To petrol we owe the possibility of flying.,答案,7.在集中精力的过程中，要贯注于一个计划；不要同时涉足各种可能的情况，把自己搞得精疲力竭、一事无成。8.朋友是能使你表现出自己最佳品质的人，和他在一起你就会精神焕发，并且变得更具有友谊所要求的种种内涵。9.有了汽油，我们才有了汽车，取代了私人马车；有了汽油，我们才有可能飞上天空。,A degree or major in English is simply a tool,not a set of rules.There are no black-and-white lines carved in stone to limit an English Major graduate with an open mind.Ive taught English in an international curriculum,written short stories and a screenplay treatment,worked as an environmental journalist,and published articles online.Each opportunity taught me something and expanded my world a little more while giving me the chance to realize my potential and skills.With the abundance of jobs for English Majors,theres only one factor to limit a person:himself or herself.,学习英语专业或者拿到英语专业的学位是一种工具，不是一堆法则。并没有明确的规定限制英语专业的毕业生要做什么。我曾经在一门国际课程里教授英语，写过短篇故事和电影剧本，做过环境专题记者，在网上发表过文章。每个机会都教会我一些东西，扩展了我的视野，让我意识到我的潜力和能力。在英语专业就业的各种职业当中，只有一项限制因素：那就是就业者自己。,直译加注释,由于文化因素的影响，有时即便翻译成了地道的英语，英语国家的读者也照样似懂非懂，这时就需要加注释说明。,直译加注释,对牛弹琴 to play the lute to a cow,which is a Chinese way,meaning choose the wrong audience.也可用替代法翻译成：To cast pearls before swine;to whistle jigs to a millstone,直译加注释,三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮 three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhu Geliang,the mastermind in Chinese history.可以用替代法翻译成：two heads are better than one.Or:more people working together have a better chance of solving a problem than one person working alone,直译加注释,三请诸葛亮 to invite sb.three times like inviting Zhu Geliang,the mastermind in Chinese history.可以用替代法翻译成：to invite somebody very earnestly and repeatedly;to be persistent in inviting somebody,习语成语,She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth.You should keep your nose out of here.Good to begin well,better to end well.You are talking through your bad again.,她长生在富贵之家。你别管闲事。要善始善终。你又在胡说八道了。,习语成语,七嘴八舌with seven mouths and eight tongues;all talking at once;everybody being eager to put in a word卡脖子 to have sb.by the throat;to give sb.tremendous trouble,to strangle软骨头 a soft bone;a spineless man三头六臂(of a person)having three heads and six arms;a superman,直译优于意译,Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁。Good to begin well,better to end well.要善始善终。You must not lose faith in humanity.Humanity is an ocean,if a few drops of the ocean are dirty,the ocean does not become dirty.(Mahatma.Gandhi)你绝对不能对人性失去信赖，人性是大海，即使这个大海里游几滴脏水，它依然是洁净的。All the world is a stage.整个世界是个大舞台。,意译优于直译,In private firms,green hands need special training.直译：在私人公司里，绿色的手都要接受特殊的 培训。意译：在私营公司里，新手都要接受培训。Simon is a big mouth.Simon 直译：Simon 是个大嘴巴。意译：Simon是个爱传闲话的人；Simon爱搬弄 是非。,意译优于直译,It is a long lane that has no turning.直译：那是一条没有弯的长巷子。意译：无论多长的巷也有弯的地方（路必有弯，事必有变）。David is as poor as a church mouse.直译：David穷得像教堂里的老鼠一样。意译：David一贫如洗。In his cradle,Simon started to get special training to be a knight.直译：在摇篮里，Simon就开始为成为骑士（贵族头衔）而接受特殊训练。意译：从童年时起，,意译优于直译,When invading Masco,Hitler met his Waterloo.直译：在进攻莫斯科时，希特勒遭遇了他的滑铁卢。意译：在进攻莫斯科时，希特勒一败涂地。As luck would have it,he was caught by the teacher again.直译：就像运气可能拥有它那样，他再次被老师抓了。意译：不幸的是,他又一次被老师逮个正着。John can be relied on.He eats no fish and plays the game.意译：约翰为人可靠，他既忠诚又正直。,意译优于直译,John would not come out of his shell and talk to others at the party.晚会上，约翰不愿丢掉矜持与别人交谈。He got into trouble when he paid his bills with rubber checks.他用空头支票结账，并给自己带来了麻烦。Frank ran circles around the other boys on the basketball team.在篮球队里弗兰克的技术最好。You are the last person I want to see in the world 你是我最不想见的人。.,直译与意译皆可,Shed crocodiles tears 直译：掉鳄鱼眼泪 意译：猫哭老鼠；假慈悲competitive products 直译：具有竞争力的产品 意译：拳头产品The worse wheel of a cart creaks most.直译：最坏的车轮最会嘎吱响。意译：才学最浅，叫得最响；出力最少，抱怨 最忙；能猫不叫，叫猫不能,不能直译的英语,China policy 对华政策（不是中国政策Chinese dragon 麒麟（不是中国龙）American beauty一种玫瑰（月月红）美国丽人（不是美国美女）English disease 软骨病（不是英国病）Indian summer 愉快宁静的晚年Greek gift 害人的礼品Spanish athlete吹牛的人French chalk滑石粉pull ones leg开玩笑,不能直译的英语,eat ones words 收回前言（不是食言an apple of love 西红柿handwriting on the wall不祥之兆bring down the house博得全场喝彩have a fit勃然大怒make ones hair stand on end 毛骨悚然-害怕，不是令人发指-气愤be taken in 受骗，上当think a great deal of oneself 高看自己pull up ones socks鼓起勇气,不能直译的英语,black art妖术 black stranger 完全陌生的人white coal做动力来源的水white man忠实可靠的人yellow book黄皮书（法政府报告书）red tape官僚习气（不是红色带子）blue stocking 女学者，女才子personal remark人身攻击What a shame!多可惜！真遗憾！You dont say!是吗？（不是你别说）,不能直译的英语,sweet water淡水（不是甜水）confidence man骗子（不是信得过的人）criminal lawyer 刑事律师（不是犯罪的律师service station加油站 dressing room 化妆室horse sense 常识capital idea好主意（不是资本主义思想）familiar talk庸俗的交谈hand in glove with与狼狈为奸,直译与意译结合,不劳而获Reap without sowing-profit by others toil.饮水思源 When you drink the water,think of its source-never forget where ones happiness comes.种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆 Plant melons and get melons,sow beans and get beans-you reap what you have sown.真金不怕火 True gold fears no fire-a person of integrity can stand severe tests.,直译与意译练习,1.人民现在为什么拥护我们？就是这十几年有发展。2.由于全球气候变暖，海平面在一点点地上升。3.改革开放也使民族精神获得了解放。4.我们的企业应着重提高国际竞争力。1.Why do people support us?Because our economy has been developing.2.The sea level is rising little by little in the consequence of global warming.3.Reforms and the open policy have also emancipated the minds of the people.4.We need to be enhancing international competitiveness.,直译与意译练习,5.中国的现代化建设离不开与世界各国的经济合作与贸易往来。Chinas modernization is inseparable from her economic cooperation and trade ties with other nations.,直译与意译练习：,6.世界科技进步和产业结构的调整，亚太地区经济的迅速增长，给我国经济发展提供了有利条件。在我国中长期发展中，也有不可制约的因素，突出的是The scientific and technical advancement in the world and the industrial restructuring as well as the rapid economic growth in the region provide favorable conditions for economic Asia-Pacific development in China.However,there are a few factors that can impede progress in our medium and long range development.The prominent ones of these factors are,直译与意译练习：,7.为了进行认真细致的考察，他很少乘车坐船，几乎全靠双脚翻山越岭，长途跋涉；为了弄清大自然的真相，他总是挑选道路艰险的山区，人迹稀少的森林进行考察，发现了许多奇山秀景。7.In order to get a detailed and truthful picture of the particular places,he preferred to travel on foot instead of by cart or boat,despite the hardships on long distances；and he even ventured in mountainous areas and jungles,which are rarely traveled by people and full of dangers.The pay-off for his efforts was his discovery of many fantastic landscapes.,直译与意译：,8.这些价值观和孔子宣扬的一些思想有很多相同之处，孔子的思想强调的是中庸适度。但是我尊重孔子的思想，并不是要把他的思想搬到现代社会。8.These values have much in common with some of the virtues of Confucianism,the Chinese philosophy that stresses moderation.However,although I respect the spirit of
