中国海洋大学高级英语跨文化交际期末重点整理.docx

中国海洋大学高级英语跨文化交际期末重点整理30个选择30分，10道判断10分，20个填空20分，4小段，每段5个空 3个简述30分，2个概念10分 1.Cross(Inter)cultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems(符号系统) are distinct enough to alter the communication event. It includes interpersonal communication, intra(inter)cultural communication, international, interethnic, interracial, and interregional communication. In cross(inter)cultural communication situations, it is natural for people to be aware of the potential for various misunderstandings and want to avoid them. intercultural communication: communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. 2.Communication:to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge. 3.Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people. 4. Social Organizations in China All power within the government of the People's Republic of China is divided among several bodies: the legislative branch, the National People's Congress. the executive branch, the State Council the judicial branch, the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate the military branch, People's Liberation Army (PLA) via the Central Military Commission 5. Federal government of the United States The Government of the United States of America is the federal government of the republic of fifty states that constitute the United States, as well as one capital district, and several other territories. The federal government is composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U.S. Constitution in the Congress, thePresident, and the federal courts, including the Supreme Court, respectively. The powers and duties of these branches are further defined by acts of Congress, including the creation of executive departments and courts inferior to the Supreme Court. 6.Social Intercourse is sometimes named Social Interaction Customs. Broadly, it refers to social rules and routines which make interaction smooth and which tend to vary with cultures. So miscommunication is quite frequent across cultures. Different cultures have different social customs regarding greetings and farewells, invitations and responses, appointments and visiting, and compliments and responses. 7.Teacher-student Relationships Teacher-student relationships are also very different due to distinct cultural values. For instance, the east prefers a hierarchical order as opposed to the equality emphasized in the west and this is visible in classroom teaching: the eastern style is teacher-centered and the teacher-talking-time is privileged, while the western style is student-centered and the student-talking-time is emphasized. For instance, due to different cultural values - individualism versus collectivism - in the west, one has power to choose and shape individual relationships while, in the east, one is subject to group harmony. Likewise, in the west, equality and assertiveness are valued in both educational and business contexts, while, in the east, conformity and hierarchy are cherished. 8. American Education In the United States elementary education begins at the age of six. Classes of students are divided into twelve academic levels called grades. Generally, one academic year (from September through June) is required to complete each grade. In some school systems, elementary school includes grades one through eight. The next four years are called high school. In other school systems, there are three divisions, elementary school (grades one through six), junior high school (grades seven through nine), and senior high school (grades ten through twelve). The students go to high school automatically after-finishing their elementary school education. There is no entrance exam. In some lower grade classes they actually go into the class during a lesson and help the teachers with plays and class reading, and most schools have highly successful Parent=Teacher Associations. In high school, subject matter becomes more specialized. English classes stress grammar and literature. Social studies are split into separate courses in American history, American government, and European history, Algebra, geometry, and trigonometry are offered. High school students usually take a one-year general science course, then more detailed courses in biology, chemistry, and physics. Most high school students study a foreign language usually Latin, French, Spanish, or German. Courses in music, art, and physical education are often required. The high school student's day may be divided into nine periods: five for academic subjects, one session for physical education, a lunch period, and two study periods. The study periods may be used for visiting the library or participating in an extracurricular activity such as the school orchestra, newspaper staff, or math club. For a long time, America has led the world in higher, education, quantitatively: at least. The aggregate number of U.S. institutions of higher education is, at last count, 3,280. In American colleges and universities, a vast array of subjects is offered. The student can sample different fields of knowledge, but he usually majors in one field during last two years of college. If he wishes, he may obtain professional training at the undergraduate level. Some students complete college in less than four years by at- tending summer sessions. College grades, from highest to lowest, run A, B, C, D, F. An F is a failing grade; if a student receives an F in a particular course, he does not get credit for having taken the course. College students must maintain at least a low C average in order to remain in school. American universities offer three main categories of graduate degrees. In most fields of specialization, a master's degree can be earned by one or two academic years of study beyond the bachelor's degree. A Ph. D. degree (doctor of philosophy) usually takes at least three years beyond the master's. To earn a Ph. D. in almost any field, the student must generally pass oral and written examinations in his specialty, produce a long research paper which makes an original contribution to his field of study, and pass reading examinations in one or two foreign languages. There are also graduate professional schools in medicine, dentistry, and law, among other fields. 9.value and beliefs China America spirituality nepotism裙带关系 hierarchy materialism independence equality perceptual rational collective individual conservative open-minded implicit/indirect explicit/direct publicity privacy 10. Popular Categories in the US IT industry financial industry building industry 11. Kinds of popular jobs in the US top10 doctor/surgeon/dentist/physician/family doctor, psychologist/psychiatrist CEO Lawyer Educator Electronics engineer Marriage and family therapist Nutritionist Food scientist Forestry technician Farm worker 12.Most Popular Working Sphere in China civil service public institution electronic commerce financial investment real estate development computer sofeware engineering educational training mechanical manufacture construction industry import and export trade 13. Five social insurance and one housing fund Endowment Insurance Medical insurance Unemployment insurance Work-related injury insurance maternity insurance Housing fund 14.The Christmas day is the most important festival in the Christian world. In the 4th century B.C., December 25th was named after the Christmas day by the Roman Christian, because this day is Jesus birthday. “Chrismas” mean that Christians go to church and hold ceremonies to celebrate the Jesus birth. The Easter Day is also a grand and solemn festival in the western world commemorating the resurrection(复活) of Jesus. It comes on the first Sunday after March 21st every year. Thanksgiving Day People in many countries celebrate the end of autumnharvest season. In China, we celebrate Mid-Autumn Festival. In Canada and USA, they celebrate Thanksgiving Day. In 1863, Abraham Lincoln, President of USA set aside the last Thursday of November as a national Day of Thanksgiving, the intention was to show thanks to God for good harvest, thanks to indians for their great help. 15. Chinese Food：are four major cooking styles Sichuan Characterized by its spicy and pungent flavor, Sichuan cuisine, prolific of tastes, emphasizes on the use of chili. Pepper and prickly ash also never fail to accompany, producing typical exciting tastes. Besides, garlic, ginger and fermented soybean are also used in the cooking process. Wild vegetables and animals are usually chosen as ingredients, while frying, frying without oil, pickling and braising are applied as basic cooking techniques. Canton Cantonese is perhaps the most widely available Chinese regional cuisine outside China. Its taste in China is usually bland/light. Shandong requires for excellent cooking skills and the finished dishes are magnificent and antique. What must be talked is the seafood, which is the special dish of Shandong cuisine.salty Huaiyang cuisine is well known for its delicacy, its careful selection of ingredients, its meticulous preparation methodology, and its not-too-spicy, not-too-bland taste. Since the seasons vary in climate considerably in Jiangsu, the cuisine also varies throughout the year. If the flavor is strong, it isn't too heavy; if light, not too bland. 16.western food Italian food: Spaghetti Pizza Seafood Snacks French food: expensive raw materials, not stay in filling stage American food: salad complex because of immigrants 17. Table Manners Chinese people prefer round tables in the banquets. In the west, the long tables are used in the banquets. Chopsticks: When you hold chopsticks, you should make sure that the ends are even. Do not use to move bowls or plates. When not in use, they always be placed neatly on the table with the two sticks lying tidily next to each other at both ends. Do not use them to point at other people or to wave chopsticks around. Do not impale food with chopsticks. One should not 'dig' or 'search' through one's food for something in particular. Do not bang your chopsticks as though you were playing a drum. Don't use your chopsticks stab your rice. Western: When arriving at a western restaurant, you are supposed to be seated with the guidance of the waiters instead of sitting everywhere you want. Men and waiters can pull the chairs for ladies. Generally speaking, youd better get seated from the left side. The seat which is the most farthest away from the door is the most distinguished. When you are ready to sit down, remember to use hand instead of your feet to pull the chair back. Youd better seat from the left side of the chair. All things not having to do with food should remain off the table: keys, clutch bags, cigarette packs, sunglasses, mobile phone. When in a situation where you have to pass food or condimentsto others at the table, pass it to your right, or counter clockwise. You may rest forearms or hands on the table, but not elbows. Do not talk when your food is in the mouth. Food residueor bone cannot be left on the table, It should be put on the plate. Drinking too much when dining is very impolite and one of the most disliked behaviors. Say "Excuse me." or "Excuse me, I'll be right back." before leaving the table. Do not state that you are going to the restroom. Do not “play with” your food or utensils. Do not bite your nails or using tooth picks at the tables. 16. home safety may indicate a building's ability to protect against external harm events (such as weather, home invasion, etc.), or may indicate that its internal installations (such as appliances, stairs, etc.) are safe (not dangerous or harmful) for its inhabitants. 17. Social safety, which is also noticed as security, is the process or means, physical or human, of delaying, preventing, and otherwise protecting against external or internal, defects, dangers, loss, criminals, and other individuals or actions that threaten, hinder or destroy an organizations “steady state,” and deprive it of its intended purpose for being. 18.pollution Air pollution, soil pollution, water pollution, Safety in China: Road safety, food safety Safety in the US: Crime Domestic Violence (Includes spousal, elder, and child abuse) Sexual Assault Self-Defense Women Offenders Girls in the Juvenile Justice System Policy 19. Welfare is provided by governments or their agencies, by private organizations, or a combination of both. Funding for welfare usually comes from general government revenue, but when dealing with charities or NGO's, donations may be used. Some countries run conditional cash transfer welfare programs where payment is conditional on behavior of the recipients. 20.Some Differences in Body Language Chinese girls like to walk arm in arm and boys like to walk shoulder by shoulder, but in Western countries they might mean that they are homosexual(lesbian or gay); Nod means agree in most countries but in India, Greece, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Turkey it means disagree; winking one's eye to another means they are sharing secret in America and Europe but it is a flirtatious gesture in other countries. Patting on the head in China is usually happening between older people and children but in western countries and in Thailand it is very inappropriate, even an insultant behavior. The “O.K.” signal. (the thumb and forefinger form a circle) means “fine,” or “O.K.” in most cultures, “zero” or “worthless” in some parts of Europe, “money” in Japan, an insult in Greece, Brazil, Italy, Turkey, Russia and some other countries.