《英语教学法》名词解释.docx

英语教学法名词解释英语教学法名词解释 <P3> u Structural view(结构主义语言理论） The structural view of language sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: the sound system (phonology); the discrete units of meaning produced by sound combinations (morphology), and the system of combining units of meaning for communication (syntax). u Functional view The functional view not only sees language as a linguistic system but alsoa means for doing things. In order to perform functions, learners need to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that perform the functions. u Interactional view The interactional view considers language to be a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintainsocial relations between people. <P5-6> u Behaviourist theory-Skinner The key point of the theory of conditioning is thatyou can train an animal to do anything( with reason) if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages,stimulus, response, and reinforcement. u Cognitive theory Chomsky thinks that language isnot a form of behaviour, it is an intricate rule-based system and a large part of language acquisition is the learning of this system. There are a finite number of grammatical rules in the system and with a knowledge of these an infinite number of sentences can be produced. A language learner acquires language competence which enables him to produce language. u Constructivist theory (建构主义理论)-John Dewey The constructivist theory believes thatlearning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences and what he/she already knows. u Socio-constructivist theory (社会建构主义理论) Vygotsky emphasises interaction and engagement with the target language in a social contextbased on the concept of “Zone of Proximal Development” (ZPD) and scaffolding. <P18> u Linguistic competence-Hedge Linguistic competence is concerned with knowledge of the language itself, its form and meaning. u Pragmatic competence (语用能力) -Hedge Pragmatic competence is concerned with the appropriate use of the language in social context. u Discourse competence (话语能力/ 语篇能力) -Canale and Swain Discourse competence refers to ones ability to create coherent written text or conversation and the ability to understand them. u Strategic competence (策略能力) Strategic competence refers to strategies one employs when there is communication breakdown due to lack of resources. <P86> u Errors An error has direct relation with the learners language competence.Errorsresult fromlack of knowledge in the target language. u Mistakes A mistake refers to a performance error that is either a random guess or a slip of tongue, and it isa failure performance to a known system.Mistakes result fromcarelessness and hesitation. <P143> u Bottom-up model In the bottom-up model, listening comprehension is believed to start with sound and meaning recognitions. In other words, “we use information in the speech itself to try to comprehend the meaning” . u Top-down model In the top-down model, listening for gist and making use of the contextual clues and background knowledge to construct meaning are emphasised. In other words, listening comprehension involves “ knowledge that a listener brings to a text, sometimes called “ inside the head” information, as opposed to the information that is available within the text itself” .