Lecture7-英语专业学习《英语词汇学》课件.ppt

1,Lecture 7 Word Meaning(词的意义),讲授题目：Word Meaning所属章节：现代英语词汇学概论之第5章计划学时：2 periods教学方法：传统讲授法参考资料：英语词汇学教程、英语词汇学 教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，让学生对词的意 义、词义的理据和词义的类别等知识 有基本的了解和认识。,2,Lecture 7 Word Meaning,教学重点：Some basic notions:meaning,reference,concept and motivation;Semantic triangle;Four types of motivations Classification of word meaning 教学难点：Four types of motivations Classification of word meaning,3,Lecture 7 Word Meaning,In the previous lecture,we touched upon the concept of word meaning.We know that a word is the combination of form and meaning.By form we mean both its pronunciation and spelling.Meaning is what the form stands for.,4,Lecture 7 Word Meaning,There are some related concepts which need further explanation.In addition,we shall discuss different types of meaning in this lecture.1.Meaning“Meaning”refers to the association of language symbols with the real world.,5,1.Meaning,“意义”指的是语言符号与客观世界的一种关联。客观事物反映在人脑中，产生感觉(sensation)、知觉(perception)、表象(representation)；人脑把三者加以概括和抽象，形成概念(concept)。人用语言形式把概念固定下来，成为人们交流思想的符号(sign)，这就是有一定意义的词。也就是说，词的意义是“人”赋予的。英国语言学家-Eric Partridge(帕特里奇)说过，“Words have no meaning;people have meaning for them”（词本无义，人赋予之）。,6,Word meaning,2.Referent-referent is the object,etc.,in the world of existence.3.ConceptConcept which is beyond language is the result of human cognition,reflecting the objective world in the human mind.It is universal to all men alike regardless of culture,race,language and so on.The same concept can be expressed in different words.,7,3.Concept,概念是指语言以外的东西，是人类认识的结果，是客观事实在人脑中的反映。概念对所有人类都一样，没有文化、种族、语言等方面的区别，而意义只属于语言，所以仅限于语言的使用中。（因此，一个概念在世界上有多少种语言就有多少种不同的表达法。）,8,4.Sense(语义/意思),Sense denotes the relationships inside the language.The sense of an expression is not a thing,it is an abstraction.Every word that has meaning has sense(not every word has referent).For example,probable,nearly,if,but,yes,none of which refer to anything in the world,all have some sense.,9,Word Meaning,Meaning(Concept)意义（概念）,Word,Triangle of significance（词义三角）,Form,Referent 所指对象,.,10,The semantic triangle,奥德根和理查德提出的“语义三角”的基本观点是：第一，词的所指有两方向-“形式”和“意义（概念）”。“形式”语音形式pronunciation和书面形式spelling;词的“意义（概念）”,也就是人们平时所说的意思内容。每个词都有既定的形式和意义。两方面缺一不可，并统一体现在每个词中。第二，词的“意义（概念）与所指对象（客体）发生直接联系。一方面，词义在客观世界中是有所指的；另一方面，“形式”与对象（客体）经并不存在直接联系。它们之间的关系要求助于“意义（概念）”。所以，形式（字词）与所指对象之间用虚线。,11,Lecture 7 Word Meaning,whats in a name?That which we call a rose By the other name Would smell as sweet-shakespeare,12,Lecture 7 Word Meaning,名称本无意 此物谓玫瑰 若以他名易 香气亦相宜,13,5.motivation,Motivation refers to the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.词的理据讨论的是语言符号和意义之间的联系。也就是说明词义与客观事物或现象的命名之间的依据。,14,Motivation(词义的理据),As we know,the relationship between the word-from and meaning is conventional and arbitrary,and most words can be said to be non-motivated.That is,the connection of the sign and meaning does not have a logical explanation.However,does have words whose meaning can be explained to a certain point.Most words:non-motivatedSome words:transparent and reasonably explicable,15,Lecture 7 Word Meaning,1)Onomatopoeic Motivation(拟声理据)In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their meanings,for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.For example,bow-wow 汪汪(犬吠声);bang(砰);cuckoo(布谷鸟);tick-tuck 嘀嗒声(钟表声);ha ha,etc.,16,1)Onomatopoeic Motivation,woof-woof(汪汪）of a dog the moo（哞）of a cow the miaow of a cat the bang of a door the crack（啪）of a pistol shot,17,Lecture 7 Word Meaning,2)Morphological Motivation(形态/构词理据)compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined.,18,Lecture 7 Word Meaning,Quite often,if one knows the meaning of each morpheme,one can figure out the meaning of the word.For instance,airmail(航空信)means to mail by air,reading-lamp is the lamp for reading,miniskirt is a a small、short skirt and hopeless means without hope.,19,Lecture 7 Word Meaning,It should be pointed out that there are a lot of words whose structures are opaque,i.e.their meanings are not the combinations of the separate parts.Blackmarket,for example,is by no means the market black in color,but it refers to illegal selling and buying.Likewise,greenhorn is not the horn green in color,but a newcomer.,20,2)Morphological Motivation,Not all compounds are morphologically motivated eggplant,Indian summer,dog days（茄子，小阳春，伏天）,21,Lecture 7 Word Meaning,3)Semantic Motivation(语义理据)Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.,22,Lecture 7 Word Meaning,语义理据指由词的概念意义所暗示的联想意义。这种理据解释词的文字意义和比喻意义之间的联系。e.g.When we say the mouth of a river,we associate the opening part of the river with the mouth of a human being or an animal.In the sentence He is fond of the bottle,bottle reminds one of what is contained inside.,23,3)Semantic Motivation,a stony heart the hour hand the minute hand the leg of a table,24,常用的主要手段:,A.metaphor(without like as)隐喻e.g.Life is a short summer.e.g.All the world is a stage.B.metonymy(借代)The crown-kingThe Cambridge in the East Zhejiang Univ.C.Synecdoche(提喻)A part represents the whole,or vice versaThe White House American government,25,Lecture 7 Word Meaning,4)Etymological Motivation(词源理据)The meanings of many words often relate directly to their origins.In other words,the history of the word explains the meaning of the word.,26,Lecture 7 Word Meaning,For example,now people use pen for any writing tool though it originally denotes feather,because before modern pens were created,feather were commonly used as writing tool.Though people in modern times no longer use feathers in writing,for the sake of convenience,the name is retained.,27,Lecture 7 Word Meaning,Another example is the word laconic,meaning brief or short,which is derived from Lacons,a tribe of people who were known for their brevity of speech and for their habit of never using more words than necessary.Hence a laconic answer is a short answer.,28,4)Etymological Motivation,china porcelain or ceramic ware(originally imported from China)japan a hard varnish(brought from Japan)braille from the creator Louis Braille walkman from a trade mark,29,6.Main types of word meaning,Word meaning is made up of various components which are interrelated and interdependent.Grammatical meaning and lexical meaning make up the word Meaning.,30,Main types of word meaning,1).Grammatical meaning refers to that part of meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of the speech of words,singular and plural meaning of nouns,tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms(forget,forgets,forgot,forgotten,forgetting).Functional words,having little lexical meaning,but possess strong grammatical meaning whereas content words have both meanings,and lexical meaning in particular.,31,2).Lexical meaning,Lexical meaning is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary.This component of meaning is identical in all the forms of the word.E.g.go,goes,went,gone,going possess different grammatical meaning.But they have the same lexical meaning expressing the process of movement.Lexical meaning has two components:conceptual meaning and associative meaning.,32,2).Lexical meaning,(1).Conceptual meaning Conceptual meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.It is relatively constant and stable.For example,the word sun means a heavenly body which gives off light,heat,and energy,a concept which is understood by anyone who speaks English.,33,2).Lexical meaning,(2).Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented(added)to the conceptual meaning.Associative meaning comprises four types:Connotative（内涵意义）,stylistic（文体意义）,affective（情感意义）and collocative(搭配意义).,34,2).Associative meaning,Connotative meaning(内涵意义)connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations which a word suggests or implies.Mother(a female parent)is often associated with love,care,tenderness,forgiving,etc.Home(a dwelling place)may suggest family,warmth,safety,love,convenience,etc.East or west,home is best.Statesman implies loyalty,devotion to public welfare;politician implies deceit,power-drunk,bragging,villainy(堕落).,35,Connotative meaning,Connotative meaning is unstable,varying considerably according to culture,historical period,and the experience of the individual.For example,the phrase son of bitch which normally has an associative meaning of crude vulgarity may convey a connotation of friendliness and intimacy used between two close friends when they meet after some prolonged period of time,e.g.And how are you doing,you old son of bitch.,36,Stylistic meaning,Apart from their conceptual meanings,many words have stylistic features,which make them appropriate for different contexts.In some dictionaries,these stylistic features are clearly marked as formal,informal,literary,archaic,slang and so on.But people generally,do not go that far.We normally classify styles into formal,neutral and informal.domicile very formal,official e.g 住宅 residence formal or humorous abode literary home general,37,Affective meaning,Affective meaning indicates the speakers attitude towards the person or thing in question.Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories:appreciative and pejorative.One aspect should be pointed out that the affective meaning of most English words are neutral.e.g.appreciative neutral pejorative comrade friend crony(狐朋狗友）senior citizen old person fossil unclothed naked nude slender/slim thin skinny scholar student bookworm portly overweight tubby,38,Collocative meaning,This meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation.The synonyms of pretty and handsome offer good illustration.These two words share the conceptual meaning good-looking,but are distinguished by the range of nouns they collocate with:,39,Collocative meaning,It may be pointed out that there is some overlap between the collocations of the two words,e.g.Pretty woman and handsome woman.Though both are perfectly correct,yet they suggest a different kind of attractiveness.A pretty woman stresses the attractiveness of facial feature while a handsome woman may not facially beautiful yet is attractive in other respects:a slender figure,posture,behavior,etc.The same is true of tremble and quiver,both meaning shake involuntarily,but people tremble with fear and quiver with excitement,showing different implications.,English lexicology(III),40,Types of Word Meaning,Conceptual Meaning,Associative Meaning,Stylistic meaning,Collocative meaning,Affective meaning,Connotative meaning,Grammatical Meaning,Lexical Meaning,Word Meaning,41,THE BEST WISHES TO YOU,THANK YOU,