电气工程及其自动化专业英语第五单元课件.ppt

Chapter 5 Computer,New Words,instruction 指令document n.文件thermostat 恒温器，定温器，温度自动调节器audio signal n.声频信号，音频信号program n.程序keyboard n.键盘software n.软件,New Words,central processing unit 中央处理单元workstation n.工作站mainframen.主机，主机架supercomputer超级计算机server服务器 client客户microcomputer 微型计算机desktop computer 台式计算机,New Words,notebook computer笔记本电脑handheld computer掌上电脑animated graphics动画图像local area network(LAN)局域网LCD screen(liquid crystal display screen)液晶显示屏display device显示设备,New Words,mouse n.鼠标floppy disk drive 软盘驱动器hard disk drive硬盘驱动器CD-ROM driveCD-ROM驱动器DVD driveDVD驱动器CD-writer CD写入器，刻录机sound card 声卡digital camera数码相机operating system操作系统,Notes,1.Most people can formulate a mental picture of a computer,but computers do so many things and come in such a variety of shapes and sizes that it might seem difficult to distill their common characteristics into an all purpose definition.formulate 是描绘的意思，come in 以 形式出现，distill 提取,译为：大多数人都能描绘一台计算机，但由于计算机能做许多事情，有许多形状和规格，以至于人们难以提取其共同特征形成通用定义。,Notes,2.As its core,a computer is a device that accepts input,processes data,stores data,and produces output,all according to series of stored instructions.,译为：就计算机核心而言，它是一种根据所存储的指令接受数据，处理数据，存储数据，产生输出数据的装置。,Notes,3.An input device,such as a keyboard or mouse,gathers input and transforms it into a series of electronic signals for the computer.,译为：诸如输入设备，键盘和鼠标，搜集输入信息并将其转变为计算机使用的一系列电子信号。,Notes,4.The series of instructions that tell a computer how to carry out processing tasks is referred to as a computer program，or simply a“program”.the series of instructions 为主语，其后为that引导的定语从句修饰instructions；is referred to as 为谓语；a computer program 为宾语。,译为：告诉计算机如何处理任务的一系列指令被称为计算机程序，简称程序。,Notes,5.In a computer,most processing takes place in a component called the central processing unit(CPU),which is sometimes described as the brain of the computer.,译为：在一台计算机中，大多数的处理任务在一个叫做“中央处理元件CPU”的部件中完成，该部件有时被称为计算机的大脑。,Notes,6.Storage is the area where data can be left on a permanent basis when it is not immediately needed for processing.,译为：外存是不需要立即进行处理的数据的永久保存区域。,Notes,7.Computers are versatile machines,which are able to perform a truly amazing assortment of tasks,but some types of computer are better suited to certain tasks than other types of computers.,译为：计算机是多功能机器，它能够处理的任务种类繁多，但是某些类型的计算机比其他计算机可能更适合处理某些特定任务。,Notes,8.It typically provides access to a wide variety of computing applications,such as word processing,photo editing,e-mail,and Internet access.,译为：它通常可提供多种计算任务的服务，如字处理，图像编辑，电子邮件和Interet访问等。,Notes,9.With its slow processing speed and small screen,a handheld compute is not powerful enough to handle many of the tasks that can be accomplished by desktop or notebook personal computers.,译为：由于手持式计算机处理速度慢、屏幕小，无法像台式电脑和笔记本那样处理多种任务。,Notes,10.Because of its cost,a workstation is often dedicated to design tasks,and is not used for typical microcomputer applications,such as word processing,photo editing,and accessing the Web.,译为：因为工作站成本高，通常专用于设计任务，而不执行普通微型计算机的任务，如文字处理，图像编辑，互联网访问等。,Notes,11.A computer network is two or more computers and other devices that are connected for the purpose of sharing data and programs.,译为：两台及以上的计算机和其它设备以共享数据和程序为目的连接在一起可组成计算机网络。,Notes,12.One impressive simulation designed to run on a super computer tracked the movement of thousands of dust particles as they were tossed about by a tornado.这句话中designed 和tracked 两个动词过去式，容易导致谓语的混淆，而designed实质上是个被动语态的过去分词，用来做simulation的后置定语，tracked 才是本句的谓语。,译为：被设计在超级计算机上运行的深度仿真处理数千微粒运动时就像这些微粒被龙卷风撕碎一样快。,Notes,13.Most desktop computers use a separate monitor as a display device,whereas notebook computers use an flat panel LCD screen(liquid crystal display screen)that is attached to the system unit.,译为：多数台式电脑使用一台分立式监视器作为显示设备，而笔记本电脑采用一个与系统单元相连的平板LCD显示屏（液晶显示屏）。,Notes,14.A floppy disk is a round piece of flexible mylar plastic covered with a thin layer of magnetic oxide and sealed inside a protective casing.“covered with a thin casing”为过去分词作后置定语，可改为定语从句形式，如：which is covered with,译为：软盘是一个由轻便聚酯薄膜塑料构成圆盘，它的外面覆盖一层薄的磁氧化物，里面封铅作为保护层。,Notes,15.The storage capacity of a hard-disk unit is many times that of a floppy disk and much faster.,译为：硬盘存储容量是软盘的很多倍，并且速度快的多。,Notes,16.A small circuit board,called a sound card,is required for high-quality music,narration,and sound effects.,译为：如果追求高质量的音乐，语言和声音效果，则要装配一个叫做声卡的小电路板。,Notes,17.Virtually every personal computer system includes a built-in modem that can be used to establish an Internet connection using a standard telephone line.,译为：几乎每一台个人计算机都装有一个内置的调制调解器，可以通过标准的电话线建立因特网连接。,Exercises,课内完成section 1中的Exercises I,II 课后作业:section 1中的Exercises III（p90）。,Transition of Sentence Patterns,在翻译过程中，可以根据原文的具体情况，按照汉语的表达习惯，对原文句子结构进行调整和转换。有些转换方法已经在前面章节作过介绍，如长句分译法等。下面介绍其他几种较常用的转换方式。,1.否定变肯定译法 该方法是将原文中否定的表达形式译成肯定形式。(1)Until recently geneticists were not interested in particular genes.基因学家们最近才开始对特定基因感兴趣。(2)Dont start working before having checked the instrument thoroughly.要对仪器彻底检查才能开始工作。,Transition of Sentence Patterns,1.否定变肯定译法(3)The flowing of electricity through a wire is not unlike that of water through a pipe.电流过导线就像水流过管子一样。,Transition of Sentence Patterns,反说正译 常常需要反说正译的语言为含no或not的一些短语。如：no less than简直就是；no lessthan和一样；no other than只得；none other than正是；nothing but只是；no choice but只得；以及一些带有词缀的词，如:unfold展开；disappear消失；carelessly马马虎虎地；dislike厌恶；unpleasant难听/闻的，等等。,Transition of Sentence Patterns,Transition of Sentence Patterns,From the passage we learn that an invention will not benefit the inventor unless it is reduced to commercial practice.Young scientists cannot realize too soon that existing scientific knowledge is not nearly so complete,certain and unalterable as many textbooks seem to imply.,从文中我们了解到：只有把发明变成商业活动，它才会使发明者受益。,年轻科学家应尽快认识到，现有的科学知识远不像许多教科书所叙述的那样全面、那样肯定、那样一成不变。,2.肯定变否定译法 是将原文中肯定的表达形式译成否定形式。(1)The influence of temperature on the conductivity of metals is slight.温度对金属的导电性影响不大。(2)As rubber prevents electricity from passing through it,it is used as insulating material.由于橡胶不导电，所以用作绝缘材料。(3)There are many other energy sources in store.还有多种其他能源尚未开发。,Transition of Sentence Patterns,正说反译 常常需要正说反译的词和短语有：deny否决，否定不给予；miss错过没赶上(交通工具)，没听/看到或没听/看懂；live up to ones expectations不/没辜负的期望；divert attention from将注意力从移开没有意识到；be absent未出席，缺席，没来；far from很不；final最终的不可改变的；idly漫不经心地；be at a loss不知所措；rather than而不是；以及neither,seldom,rarely,differently等我们熟悉的表否定的词。,Transition of Sentence Patterns,It was beyond his power to sign such a contract.他无权签订这种合同。The first bombs missed the target.第一批炸弹没有击中目标。Such a chance denied me.我没有得到这样一个机会。（无缘于此机会）We may safely say so.我们这样说万无一失/没有错。I do think that it is beyond his power to fulfill the task.我的确认为要完成这项任务是他力所不及的。,Transition of Sentence Patterns,3.主动变被动译法 在具体文章中，如果原文主动句正面译出比较困难，或者译成汉语被动句更能准确表达原意、汉语行文更为方便时，可对原文主动句译成汉语的被动句。(1)The properties of materials have dictated nearly every design and every useful application that the engineer could devise.工程师所能设想的每一种设计和每一种用途几乎都受到材料性能的限制。,Transition of Sentence Patterns,3.主动变被动译法(2)Since prehistoric times the sketch has served as one of mans most effective communication techniques.自从史前时期以来，草图一直被人类用作最有效的交际手段之一。(3)However,the development of the natural science began to gain speed only in the latter part of the 18th and the early part of the 19th centuries.然而，只是到了十八世纪末和十九世纪初叶，自然科学才得到了迅速地发展。,Transition of Sentence Patterns,被动变主动译法It is clear that a body can be charge under certain condition.,Transition of Sentence Patterns,很清楚，在一定条件下物体能够带电。,Whenever tow objects are rubbed together electrons are thransferred from one object to the other.,当两个物体在一起摩擦时，电子便从一个物体转移到另一个物体上去了。,被动变无主动语句译法The resistance can be determined provided that the voltage and current are known.,Transition of Sentence Patterns,只要知道电压和电流，就能确定电阻。,The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by a generator.,利用发电机可以将机械能再转变成电能。,英语被动句的习惯译法为了使上下文紧密衔接，句子前后平衡，还有一种处理英语被动语句的习惯译法，即把被动语态中的过去分词移至句首，而把主语放在助动词be之后，形成倒装结构。,Transition of Sentence Patterns,In an ordinary atom,the number of protons are the same as that of electrons,clustered together with these protons are neutrons.,在普通原子里，质子数和电子数相等，与这些质子群集结在一起的是中子。,Translation of sentences with Passive Voice,在英语专业文献中，大量使用被动语态，以突出所论证或说明的对象，使表述更客观，句子结构更简练。但在汉语中，并没有普遍使用被动语态的习惯。因此，在翻译英语被动语态时，大量的译成主动句，少数的仍可译成被动句，视具体情况而定。,Translation of sentences with Passive Voice,1.原主语在译文中仍作主语(1)If a machine part is not well protected,it will become rusty after a period of time.如果机器部件不好好防护，过了一段时间后就会生锈。(2)Every moment of every day,energy is being transformed from one form into another.每时每刻，能量都在由一种形式变成另一种形式。,Translation of sentences with Passive Voice,1.原主语在译文中仍作主语(3)At the receiving end,the composite signals are applied to band-pass filters.在接收端，合成信号加到带通滤波器上。(4)This formula has already been mentioned above.这个公式上面已经提到过。,Translation of sentences with Passive Voice,2.原主语在译文中作宾语，并增译主语使译文通顺流畅(1)The issue has not yet been thoroughly explored.人们对这一问题迄今尚未进行过彻底探索。(2)New computer viruses and logic bombs are discovered every week.每个星期，我们都能发现新型计算机病毒和逻辑炸弹。,Translation of sentences with Passive Voice,2.原主语在译文中作宾语，并增译主语使译文通顺流畅(3)If one of more electrons be removed,the atom is said to be positively charged.如果原子失去一个或多个电子，我们就说，该原子带正电荷。,Translation of sentences with Passive Voice,3.原主语在译文中作宾语，而把行为主体或相当于行为主体的介词宾语译成主语(1)A new way of displaying time has been given by electronics.电子技术提供了一种新的显示时间的方法。(2)Modern scientific discoveries lead to the conclusion that energy may be created from matter and that matter,in turn,may be created from energy.近代科学的发现得出这样的结论：物质可以产生能，能又可以产生物质。,Translation of sentences with Passive Voice,3.原主语在译文中作宾语，而把行为主体或相当于行为主体的介词宾语译成主语(3)Many jobs as to assemble parts in dangerous environment are done by robots in some developed countries.一些发达国家用机器人去做危险环境下的零件组装工作。,Translation of sentences with Passive Voice,4.原文中的主语在译文中作宾语，译成无主句一般来说，描述什么地方发生、存在或消失了什么事物的英语被动句，以及表示观点、态度、告诫、要求、号召等的被动句，汉译时往往采用无主句，有时还可在动词前加上“把”、“使”、“将”、“对”等词。(1)The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by means of a generator.利用发电机，可以将机械能再转变成电能。,Translation of sentences with Passive Voice,4.原文中的主语在译文中作宾语，译成无主句(2)The resistance can be determined provided that the voltage and current are known.只要知道电压和电流，就能测定电阻。(3)The quartz crystal in the watch is made to vibrate at a frequency of 56,000 times a second.使钟表里的石英晶体以每秒56,000次的频率振荡。,Translation of sentences with Passive Voice,5.把主语并入谓语合译 英语中有些含有名词的动词短语用于被动语态在句子中作主语，翻译时应把主语和谓语合并，并按原动词短语的意思译出。(1)Attention must be paid to environmental protection in developing economy.发展经济必须注意环境保护。(2)The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end to.必须立即终止这种讨厌的噪声。,Translation of sentences with Passive Voice,5.把主语并入谓语合译(3)Allowance must,no doubt,be made for the astonishing rapidity of communication in these days.无疑要考虑到现代通讯的惊人速度。,Translation of sentences with Passive Voice,6.由“it”引导的习惯性句型中的被动语态，可译作无人称主动句或不定人称主动句(1)It has been proved that energy cannot be destroyed;it can only be charged into other forms.已经证明，能量是不可能消灭的，只能转换成其它形式。(2)It is generally recognized that light has a vast capacity for transmitting information.一般认为，光传播信息的容量极大。,Translation of sentences with Passive Voice,6.由“it”引导的习惯性句型中的被动语态，可译作无人称主动句或不定人称主动句(3)It can be seen that magnetic materials are used in a wide range of modern electronic equipment.可见，磁性材料广泛用于现代电子设备中。,Translation of sentences with Passive Voice,7.译成汉语的被动句 当英语中某些被动句着重被动动作或被动者时，汉译时，可译成被动句，以突出其被动意义。由于汉语的动词无词形变化，只能用添加词的办法来表达被动，通常在谓语前加上“被”、“受”、“得到”、“以”、“加以”等。(1)The metric system is now used by almost all the countries in the world.米制现在被全世界几乎所有的国家采用。,Translation of sentences with Passive Voice,7.译成汉语的被动句(2)A machine is assembled of its separate components.机器是由一些单独的部件装配而成的。(3)The discovery is highly appreciated in the circle of science.这一发现在科学界得到很高的评价。,Translation of sentences with Passive Voice,The speed of a generator is controlled by the prime mover.,发电机的转速受原动机的控制。,Electricity itself had been known to man for thousands of years.,电为人类所知已有几千年了。,Radio waves are regarded as radiant energy.,无线电波被认为是辐射能。,Translation of sentences with Passive Voice,8.译成汉语的判断句 凡是着重描述事物的过程、性质和状态的英语被动句，可译成“是的”结构，起强调被动动作的作用。(1)The voltage is not controlled in that way.电压不是用那样的方法控制的。(2)The volume is not measured in square millimeters.It is measured in cubic millimeters.体积不是以平方毫米计量的。它是以立方毫米计量的。,Chapter 5End,