非谓语形式.docx

非谓语形式非谓语形式 一、概述 to do, doing, done是非限定动词，在句中不能单独作谓语，但它们具有主语、宾语、补语、名词修饰语和状语等功能。它们有进行体、完成体，也能有被动态，但没有“时”的特征，时间关系要借助主句谓语动词的“时”的形式来表示。 名词性的有: 主语、宾语(包括介词宾语)、补语(包括宾补和主补或叫表语), 可由 to do, doing 来充当。 形容词性的有：补语(包括宾补和主补或叫表语)、名词修饰语、状语，可由 to do, doing，doing，done 来充当。 二、解题步骤 成分和句型 主被动 时态 Im glad to have been invited to speak (invite, speak) here. 三、分述 1作主语(to do; doing; to be done; being done) 1） 不定式 不定式结构直接在句首担任主语。例如： o be here is a great pleasure. To remember to switch off the electricity is important. To be beaten is a shame. 上述形式一般用得不多，现代英语中常采用先行词it代替不定式，而把不定式后置。例如： Its a great pleasure to be here. Its important to remember to switch off the electricity. Its a shame to be beaten. It took us five hours to get there. It needed hard work to finish the job. It made me happy to find Mary there. 如果是疑问句或感叹句，则只能采用上述形式。例如： Is it a good idea to open a bank account? What was it like to be here? How exciting it was to fight a snake! 不定式结构作主语通常表示具体的动作间或表示抽象动作，这一点恰与-ing结构相反。(参见-ing部分) 作主语的不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可以在特定的上下文或情景中看出，也可以由1 “for+名词词组”表示。 We sat waiting impatiently for him. We were getting annoyed and even angry with him, but to be without him on our trip home was out of the question. Its a great pleasure for us to be here this evening. Its a pity for you to have to stay indoors in this weather. Would it be possible for you to remove it? It took six weeks for the travelers to reach the coast. 间或也可以用 for+ there to be表示： Its a pity for there to be any disagreement in the family. 2） 动名词 -ing结构作主语通常有两种形式： 一种形式是把-ing分词结构直接置于主语位置。例如： Seeing is believing. Crossing the Atlantic by plane takes only a few hours nowadays. Being beaten is a shame. 第二种形式是，用先行词it作形式主语，把-ing结构置于句末。这种形式通常用于某些形容词或名词之后。例如： It's interesting planning a holiday. It's nice talking to you, Erin. It's no good crying. -ing 结构作主语的上述两种形式有时可以互换使用，虽然色彩不尽一致，但基本含义无甚区别。比较起来，第一种形式比第二种形式泛指意义更强些。例如： Living in Beijing must be wonderful. It must be wonderful living in Beijing. 作主语的-ing结构与不定式结构在意义上的区别 由上述诸例可以看出，-ing结构作主语通常表示抽象动作，而不定式结构作主语通常表示具体动作。试比较； It's no use crying over spilt milk. He realized that to go on like this was no use. 换句话说，-ing结构作主语通常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起，而不定式结构作主语往往与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。例如： Lying is wrong. To lie is wrong. 但也不能把这种划分绝对化，在现实生活中也有借用一般以表示特定情景的情况。 作主语用的-ing结构的逻辑主语 -ing结构作主语，也能带有表示出来的逻辑主语。这种逻辑主语不论是名词或代词通常用属格。(关于逻辑主语见p25) 例如： Her going there won't do any harm. 2 It's no use your pretending that you didn't know the rules. -ing结构作主语的其他用法 a）用于“There + be+ no+ -ing结构”结构中。例如： There 's no saying what he'll be doing next. There's no telling what he' going to do. b）用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如： No smoking! No parking! 2作动词或介词宾语 (1) 不定式 这里作动词宾语的不定式结构都带to。不定式作动词宾语也有两种情况： a 能直接跟带有 to不定式结构作宾语。 b 能跟疑问词+带to不定式形式。 a能直接跟带有 to不定式结构作宾语： 能直接跟带有 to不定式结构作宾语的动词，常见的有：afford, agree, aim, apply, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, hope, learn, long, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, seek, swear, want, wish, would like等。 有些既能带to 又能接ing结构作宾语的动词以及两者用法上的区别，在下面叙述。例如： He agreed to smoke no more cigarettes. I have arranged to meet him at ten oclock. I expect to be back on Sunday. We can afford to pay for it. 注意以下结构： Id like to have gone (=Id have liked to go) to help him but I was too busy. b能跟+疑问词+to do 形式 能跟有疑问词+to do 形式作宾语的动词，常见的有decide, find out, forget inquire, know, learn, remember, see, settle, thinkunderstand, wonder(to be curious to know)等。疑问词可以是what, where , who(m), when, how, whether, which等。例如： I dont know where to go / what to do / who(m) to ask / when to stop / how to get there. Remember when to turn. Have you settled where to go? 比较下面句子，看看不定式结构前带不带疑问词时意义是否相同： A: He learned (how) to swim last summer. He taught me (how )to operate the machine last week. B: They havent decided to go. They havent decided where to go. C: I forgot to do it. 3 I forgot how to do it. A 组相同，B、C组不同。其中B、C组中的主语也是不定式结构中的逻辑主语。 有些双宾语及物动词，也能用疑问词+带to 不定式结构作直接宾语。这时间接宾语就成了不定式结构的逻辑主语。 Ill tell him what to do. Please inform me where to get the tickets. I showed him how to do it. Will you advise me which to buy? Ask your teacher how to pronounce the word. * 如果作宾语用的带to 不定式结构有自己的补语，那就得先用it代表它，而再把不定式结构放到补语后面去。例如： I find it difficult to understand him. Do you consider it wise to stay behind. We thought it wrong not to tell her. *不定式结构一般不可以作介词的宾语，只有在个别场合, 即在含有否定意义且带有介词except的结构中才能这样用。例如： He seldom comes except to look at my pictures. What can I do then except watch them carry you away? He will do anything for you except lend you money. 当but 用作except意义时，后面也可以带不定式结构。例： When the enemy surrounded the house, she had no choice but to swallow the letter. They could do nothing but wait for the doctors to arrive. She can do anything but sing. 上述作介词宾语用的不定式有时带to，有时不带to，也取决于其前是否带动词do， 这与不定式结构作主语补足语时的某些情况相仿。 带疑问词的不定式结构通常也可以用作介词宾语。 The problem of how to get the grand piano through the doorway troubled the workmen. 2. -ing结构 能带有-ing结构作宾语的动词有两类：一类是只能带-ing结构作宾语，另一类是既能带-ing结构作宾语，又能带不定式结构作宾语。 1）只能带-ing结构作宾语的动词 有一类动词只能带-ing分词结构作宾语，不能带不定式结构作宾语。这类动词常见的有：avoid, consider, delay, dislike, encourage, enjoy, escape, excuse, pardon, favour, finish, give up, cannot help, imagine, include, keep(on), don't mind, miss, practise , put off, risk, cannot stand, suggest, understand, report, appreciate 例如： Mary is considering changing her job. I couldn't risk missing that train. 4 She can't stand being kept waiting. We dislike being often troubled. 上述诸例中-ing结构的确逻辑主语是谁，有些一望而知，也有些需从特定的情景或 上下文中推定。若要明确动作的执行者，也可以在-ing结构前放上以名词或代词表示 的逻辑主语。例如： I don't mind Jane buying another one. We're considering him/ his going there. 2) 既能带-ing结构又能带不定式结构作宾语的动词 这类动词常见的有：attempt, begin, cannot bear, continue, forget, hate, intend, like, love, plan, prefer, propose, regret, remember, start, try等。 上述这些动词虽然既能带分词-ing结构又能带不定式结构作宾语，但用法不尽相同，主要有以下几种情况： (1) 在begin, start, continue, cannot bear, hate, like, love, prefer, propose, 等动词后，用-ing结构或不定式结构作宾语意义无甚出入。例如： Will you start reading/ to read? 但在下列情况下，通常用不定式： (a) 在would like / love/ prefer/ hate后，表示一个特定的新动作时； I'd prefer to walk this morning. (b) 当谓语动词已用于进行体时； It's beginning to rain. (c) 在begin 后，非限定动词由某些状态动词构成时； we began to see what he meant. She began to believe his story. (2) 在attempt, intend, plan 等动词后用不定式结构比用 ing分词结构多见。例如： Don't attempt to do /doing it by yourself. (3) 形式不同，意义相同。在need, want 后用ing的主动形式表示被动含义，或用不定式的被动态，意义上并无区别，但用-ing较为普通。例如： The door is cracking. It needs oiling / to be oiled. The room wants cleaning / to be cleaned. The old man needed operating on / to be operated on. require也能这样用，但不及 need ，want普通。例如： His letter requires answering/ to be answered immediately. (4) 在remember, forget, regret后, 用-ing结构或不定式结构意义上有明显区别， ing结构指先于谓语动词的动作，不定式结构后于谓语动词的动作。例如： I remember posting the letter. I remembered to post the letter. I really regret telling him the news. He will probably leave here this afternoon. I regret to say that you have been fired. 5 (5) 在try, cannot help, mean, stop, go on后, 用-ing还是用不定式结构取决于它们本身含义和用法。例如： He tried to write better. He tried writing with a brush. I couldn't help finishing it. I couldn't help to finish it. 3) ing结构作介词宾语 一切介词，不论是简单介词还是复杂介词，不论这个介词是谓语动词的组成部分，或不是谓语动词的组成部分，都能用-ing结构作宾语。例如： Instead of staying in the city, she went to work in the country. The man was punished for not having finished the working as he had been told to. (1) 能用-ing结构做介词宾语的几种搭配关系 -ing结构作介词宾语大都与一定的搭配有关。例如： a）在动词+介词后； Let's not worry about being late. b） 在动词+名词 + 介词后： Excuse me for being late. I can't forgive him for being so rude. c) 在名词+介词后； Give me your reasons for doing it. He has little hope of passing his examinations. d) 在形容词+ 介词后； The children are fond of watching TV. Can you be certain of getting back in time? e) 在表示征询意见的How about.， What about.后； How about changing the subject? (2) 用做介词宾语的-ing结构的逻辑主语 I was ready to leave when he insisted on me staying for dinner. I saw no reason for anybody wanting to do such a thing. (3) -ing结构前介词的省略 -ing结构前的介词有时可以省略，这主要用于口语，特别常见于美国英语。例如： Do you have any difficulty (in) understanding spoken English? He ran out to stop them (from) attacking the loaded trucks. He had no trouble (in) finding the address . There is no use (in) arguing any more with him. 4) 介词+-ing结构与不定式结构的用法比较 在某些名词(如opportunity, chance, way) ，某些动词(如agree, decide), 某些形容词 (如content, fortunate) 后既可用介词 +-ing结构，也可用不定式结构，含义并无区别。6 例如： There'll be a chance of visiting / to visit Bath, I think. That's the best way of doing / to do it. 但有很少动词或形容词接介词-ing结构与接不定式结构在意义上有区别，例如： She was afraid of waking her husband. She was afraid to wake her husband. 3作主语的补语 (to do, doing 动名词或现在分词，done) 1) 不定式 不定式作主语的补语有以下两种情况： (1) 主语和主语补语都是不定式，含义往往一是条件，一是结果。 To see is to believe. To decide is to act. To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. (2) 主语以aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, mistake, plan, purpose, suggestion 等为中心词的名词词组，或以what 引导的名词性分句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容。例如： My idea is to climb the mountain from the north. Our plan is to make better use of these materials. What I would suggest is to start work at once . 不定式结构作主语补足语通常带to ，但在某些结构中可以省去to 。例如： All I did was empty the bottle. All we have to do is push the button. The worst you can do is become very tired. The only thing I can do now is go on by myself. What I really wanted to do was drive all night. 这种句子主语部分必须有一个动作动词do ，这个do 可以是限定动词形式，也可以 是非限定动词形式，而且也不论什么时、体形式均可, 这与不定式结构作but, except后面的宾语时的某些情况相仿。 2) -ing结构作主语补语 -ing结构能用于连系动词后作主语补语 Seeing is believing. This is not saying very much. 上述-ing结构都起名词作用，与动词不定式作主语补语时的区别与作主语时的区别 情况相仿。 My duty today is to teach you Lesson Eight. My job is teaching. 3) ing 分词 (主动) This work is really tiring. 类似的有：interesting, exciting, pleasing, satisfying, disappointing, surprising, boring, 7 astonishing, shocking, worrying, encouraging 4) -ed分词 作主语补足语的-ed分词大都来自及物动词,用在SVC句型中, 说明主语所处的状态。例如： S V C The door is/remains locked. Mary seems worried at the new . We were quite interested in the book. The glass is broken. 类似的有：tired, excited, pleased, satisfied, disappointed, surprised, bored, astonished, shocked, dressed, seated 4作宾语补足语 (to do, doing 现在分词，done，to be done 很少) 1) 不定式结构 有些动词在宾语后还能跟有不定式结构作宾语补足语，宾语+补足语构成复合宾语的一种。在这种结构中宾语是不定式的逻辑主语。 (1) 能用不定式结构作宾语补足语的动词，大体有以下几种： a） see， hear， look at, listen to, feel， watch， notice， observe等表示感觉的动词，不定式结构表示的动作延续较长时间或全过程。其中不定式结构都不带to, 被动时带to。 Did you see him go out？ I heard her sing. I felt something crawl up my arm. Did you notice anyone come in？ The policeman observed the man open the door. b） have， let， make (不定式结构都不带to)， advise， cause， allow， ask， beg， drive， encourage， expect， forbid， force get， intend， permit， persuade， remind， teach， tell，trust，urge，want，warn等表示“使， 让”等意义的动词。 What would you have me do？ You surely dont expect me to do all that！ I cant get her to talk. The notice warned us not to go into the fields. c） consider，declare，find，prove， think， know， believe，discover，feel，imagine，judge，suppose，understand等表示心理状态的动词。 We consider him to be a good officer. The man declared himself to be right. We found him to be dishonest. We had proved Keith to be wrong. I should imaging/suppose him to be above/over fifty. 8 以上动词后面通常带to be ，在consider，declare，find，prove，think等动词后的to be往往可以省略。 We consider him foolish. 但是，如果不定式是完成体，就不能省略。 We consider him to have been foolish. 注意下面的结构： He was said to have been abroad before. d） love，hate, like，prefer，want等表示情感状态的动词。 Id love them to come tonight. Id hate you to do that. Would you like me to give it to Mary？ I dont want there to be any trouble. e） arrange for，ask for， long for，prepare for，provide for， vote for，wait for，wish for，call (up)on，count on， depend (up)on，rely on等介词动词。 Ill arrange for you to come. We waited for Mary to come here ，too. We waited for that to be done. You can always depend upon John to be there when he is needed. (2) 动词+宾语+不定式结构的被动态转换 上述五类动词，除第四类表示情感状态的动词以外，都可以转为被动语态形式，但有以下几点要注意： a） 第一类动词转为被动语态时，后面不定式要带to。 We saw the car stop. The car was seen to stop. b） 第二类动词转为被动语态时其后都用带to不定式。 George wont allow his son to smoke too many cigarettes Bill wont be allowed to smoke too many cigarettes. He reminded Nick to post the Christmas cards. Nick was reminded to post the Christmas cards. 只有let一词跟有单音节不定式时属例外： The prisoners were let go. 但通常用 be allowed to代替。 They wont let us go. They wont be allowed to go. (3) 第三类动词转化为被动语态，to be是否省略，与主动结构相同。 They proved him (to be) an enemy. He was proved (to be) an enemy. 9 We consider him (to be) very capable. He is considered (to be) very capable. We know him to be a good worker. He is known to be a good worker. know的现在完成体否定式为主动态时，后接不带 to的不定式，但这种不定式是完成体形式时通常带to。 I have never known her to have failed. 转为被动体时接带to不定式。 I have never known him behave like this. He has never been known to behave like that before. (4) 第五类动词,有些有被动,有些无被动态,有些被动态体现在不定式结构上。 He was seldom called upon to speak at these gatherings. We arranged for that to be done. We longed for/ waited for that to be done. 但类似I will arrange for you to come. 这样的句子就无被动态。 2) ing 分词结构作宾语补语 (1) -ing分词结构作宾语只用于以下几类带宾语的动词： 1) 在see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to, smell, find, catch(后不接 to do作宾补)等表示感觉和心理状态的动词，分词表示的动作正在进行。例如： I heard someone knocking. I felt somebody patting me on the shoulder. Can you smell anything burning? Listen to the birds singing. You won't catch me doing that again. 2) have, keep, get, leave, set等表示“使， 让” 等意义的动词。例如： I won't have you doing that. (不允许) Dont have the lights burning all night long. (一直) They had the slaves working all day long in the fields. I can't get the clock/ the car going again. (启动) This set me thinking. do have sth. / sb. doing (一直) done. (被动) to do get sth. / sb. doing (启动) done. (被动) 10 3) 在regard, describe, accept, think of , 等动词后，由as 引出的用作宾语补语的 ing结构。例如： They described the boy asvery clever. (2) 有关ing分词结构作宾语补语的几个应注意之点 1) 在表示感觉的动词后，既可用ing 分词结构也可用不带to不定式结构作宾语补语，但含义略有区别。要表示动作的进行，即非全过程，用 ing分词。例如； I saw him crossing the road. 要表示动作的完成，即全过程，用不带to不定式。例如： I didn't see the ball break the window. 如果宾语补语是由短暂动作表示的，有时用不定式也可理解为一次动作，用-ing分词则表示反复动作。例如： We heard the door slam. We heard the door slamming. (反复动作) 3）ed分词作宾语补足语 作宾语补足语的-ed分词大多来自于及物动词, 表示被动意义和完成意义,说明宾语所 处的状态,用在SVOC句型中。在这种宾语带-ed分词的结构中，宾语与-ed分词的关 系是意义上的主谓关系，因此，也是复杂宾语的一种形式。可以带有-ed分词作宾语 补足语的动词有： see ，hear， watch， feel， think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词： Everyone thought the battle lost. We found her