新牛津译林年级上8A Unit18语法总结.docx

新牛津译林年级上8A Unit18语法总结八年级上册8AUnit1-8语法总结 1. 形容词/副词的比较等级(1)用法讲解 大多数的形容词都有三个级别：原级、比较级、最高级。其中比较级表示“更”，用于两者之间的比较，用来说明“前者比后者更”，比较级前面一般用much, even, a little修饰，其中even, much 只能修饰比较级。最高级表示“最”，用于三者及三者以上之间的比较，用来说明“某人或某物在某个范围内最” 形容词的比较级(-er)和最高级(-est)的构成 a. 规则变化之口诀：直接加；去e加；双写加；变y加; more/ most b. 不规则变化 原级 good / well bad / ill many / much little far old 比较级 better worse more less farther, further older, elder 最高级 best worst most least farther, further oldest, eldest 比较级前的修饰语 still, even, any, quite(a bit), almost, nearly, just, rather；a little, a bit；much, a lot, far, many；twice, ten times, one fourth, two pounds, three years 形容词的比较等级(2)常见句型 A=B A+ V + as + adj./adv. + as + B He is as tall as I/me. 他和我一样高。 He is as good a teacher as his father.他和他的父亲一样是个好教师。 A B A + V + not + as/so + adj./adv. + as + B They didnt do as/so much work as you did. 他们干得事没有你多。 Ive never seen as/so old a car as this.我从来没有见过像这样旧的车。 A > B 或A < B A + V + 比较级 + than + B Tom is two years older than his brother. 汤姆比他的弟弟大两岁。 Our classroom is bigger than theirs. 我们的教室比他们的大。 表示倍数A + V + twice/four times/ + as + adj./adv. + as + B This room is twice as large as that one. 整个房间是那房间的两倍大。 The earth is 49 times as big as the moon.地球是月球的49倍大。 表示程度的递增主语 + V + 比较级+ and+比较级 (越来越) 主语 + V + more and more+ +adj./adv. (越来越) The days are getting shorter and shorter.白天变得越来越长了。 Our country is becoming more and more beautiful.我们的国家变得越来越美了。 表示两种情况同时变化 The+ 比较级+ 主语+ V + ，the+ 比较级+ 主语+ V + (越越) The more we get together, the happier well be.=If we get together more, well be happier. 我们聚得越多，我们就会越高兴。 The harder you study, the better youll be at English.= If you study harder, youll be better at English. 你学习越努力，你的英语成绩越好。 主语+ be +one of the+ 最高级 + n.(pl.) + in/of (是最之一) Beijing is one of the oldest cities in China.北京是中国最古老的城市之一。 主语+ V。+ the+ 最高级 + in/of (最) Ann studies hardest of all the girls in our class.安妮是我们班学习最用功的学生之一。 主语+ V。+ the+ 比较级 + of the two (<两者中>较的) Lily is the taller of the twins.莉莉是这两个双胞胎中较高的那个。 主语+ V。+ 比较级 + than + any other +n. (单数) + in (比任何其他的更) 主语+ V。+ 比较级 + than + any of the other +n. (复数) + in(比任何其他的更) He is taller than any other student in his class.他比他班级中其他的任何学生高。 = He is taller than any of the other students in his class. = He is the tallest students in his class. 11 A+ V + more/ fewer + 可数名词复数+ than B (A比B 做更多、更少。) A+ V + more/ less + 不可数名词复数+ than B (A比B 做更多、更少。) John studies more subjects than Nancy. John比Nancy学更多科目。 Students in the USA have more weeks off in the summertime than British students. 在夏天美国学生比英国学生有更多周不上课。 12. A+ V + the same as + B My uniform is the same as Simons uniform. 我的校服和Simon的校服一样. Millies pencil box is the same size as Amys pencil box. 我的铅笔盒和Amy的铅笔盒一样大。 A+ V + different from + B Kittys rubber is different from Simons rubber. Kitty的橡皮和Simon的橡皮不一样。 2. 反身代词 第一人称 单数 myself 复数 ourselves 单数 yourself 第二人称 复数 yourselves 单数 himself/herself/itself 第三人称 复数 themselves 作动词或介词的宾语：经常在enjoy, teach, hurt, buy, introduce, seat, dress, express, amuse, behave等动词和by, for, to, of等介词后作宾语。通常表示反身代词与句中的主语是同一人。它在句中作宾语，不能省略，否则该句是一个意义不完整的错句。如： He is teaching herself English.她在自学英语。 She was talking to herself.她自言自语。 He lives by himself in the country.他独自住在乡下。 作主语或宾语的同位语：主要起加强语气的作用，译作“亲自，本身，本人”。如： Did you make the cake yourself?这蛋糕是你亲自做的吗?(yourself作主语you的同位语) The work itself is easy.这工作本身很容易。(itself作主语the work的同位语) Did you see Mr. Wang himself?你见过王先生本人吗？(himself作宾语Mr. Wang的同位语) 作表语：在be, feel, look, seem等系动词后作表语，表示身体或精神状态处于正常。如： Im not myself today.今天我感觉不舒服。 I am feeling myself again.我觉得健康如昔。 3 祈使句讲解 一、祈使句：用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句. 祈使句的作用是要求、请求或命令、劝告、建议别人做或不做一件事。祈使句的句末一般用感叹号，但是有些祈使句的语气较弱，可以用句号结尾 祈使句因对象是第二人称，所以通常都省略。祈使句的动词都为一般现在时，例：Go and wash your hands. 例如：保持肃静！ Be kind to our sister. Watch your steps. 表示禁止的句式有：不准、不要、别、No parking. 二、表现形式 肯定结构: 1. Do型(即:动词原形(+宾语)+其它成分)。如:Please have a seat here. 有的祈使句在意思明确的情况下,动词可省略。如:This way, please. = Go this way, please. 。 2. Be型(即:Be + 表语(名词或形容词)+其它成分)。如:Be a good boy! 要做一个好孩子! 3. Let型(即:Let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分)。如:Let me help you. 让我来帮你。 否定结构: 1. Do型和Be型的否定式都是在句首加don't构成，如:Don't forget me! Don't be late for school! 2. Let型的否定式有两种:“Don't + let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分”和“Let + 宾语 + not + 动词原形 + 其它成分”。如:Don't let him go. / Let him not go. 别让他走。 3. 有些可用no开头,用来表示禁止性的祈使句。如:No smoking! No fishing! 禁止钓鱼! 用"let"的祈使句时，必须注意下列几点： 1、"let" 的否定句有二。如果宾语是第三人称用"Don't let."；如果宾语是第一人称，则用"Let.not" ： Don't let this type of things happen again. It's raining now. Let's not go out until after the rain. 2、"Let"只适用于现在时态，可以有被动语态 (the passive voice)，如： Let the recalcitrant criminals be sent to prison. Let all the dedicated capable staff be promoted. 3、"Let"后头除了是不带"to"的不定式动词 (The infinitive without "to")之外，还可以是某些适当的副词，如out, in, down, alone等： Let the puppy out. Open the windows and let the fresh air in. The room is too sunny. Let the blinds down. Let me alone, please. 用"Let's"时，把谈话者的对象包括在内；用"Let us"时，并不包括对方，如： Let's try it, shall we? Let us do it by ourselves, will you? 三祈使句与并列连词and与or 连用时可以表示条件。 Work harder, and you will catch up with your classmates. 4 情态动词 should ,ought to, had better 的用法 一 Should 和ought to 1表达职责或义务，提出劝告及一般人们认为应该去做的事，常用来谈论现在和将来。 Ought you to eat so much ? 2.should用于否定句，多表示做了不应该做的事。Ought to 的否定形式是ought not to ，口语中常用oughtnt to You oughtnt to eat so much . 3.在大多数情况下should 和 ought to 的意思大致相同。Should比ought to 语气要轻一些。另外，当我们用should时，谈的是自己的主观看法；ought to 则更多反应客观情况。如： You should/ought to go and see Mr Wang sometime. 二 had better 1.had better do “最好” had常缩写为 d 否定式had better not do 一般疑问句把 had 放在主语的前面。 1) Youd better hurry up if you want to get home before dark. 2)Wed better not disturb him. 3) Had we better go now? 我们最好现在走吗？ 2.had better 适用于任何人称和数 Youd better go with me. 3.变为一般疑问句时，如果是肯定句，就把had提前，放在句首；如果是否定句，就把hadnt 提前即可。 Had you better go there at once? 4.含有had better的反义疑问句的简短问句部分中要用had或hadnt.如： You had better give him the magazine, hadnt you ? may 的用法 一、表示许可或征求对方的许可，有“可以”的意思。例如： You may go now. 你可以走了。 May I use your computer? 我用一下你的电脑可以吗？ 二、回答以 may 开头的疑问句有如下表达法： -May I smoke here? 我可以在这儿抽烟吗？ -Yes, you may. / Yes, please. 请抽吧。 -No, you can't. / No, you mustn't. / No, you'd better not. 请不要抽烟。 三、表示猜测，通常只用于陈述句。例如： You may be right. 你可能是对的。 四、在口语中can 可以代替may 表示许可，但can 较随便，may 更正式。例： Can I use your bike, John? 约翰，我可以用一下你的自行车吗？ May I have a look at your license please, sir? 先生，我可以看一下你的执照吗？ can 的用法 一、表能力，有“能，会，能够”的意思。例如： -Can you drive a car? 你会开车吗？ -Yes, I can. 我会。/ No, I can't. 我不会。 二、表允许，在口语中代替may，有“可以”的意思。 三、表示可能性，常用于否定句和疑问句。例如： Can it be true? 那会是真的吗？ Today is Sunday. He can't be at school. 今天是星期天，他不可能在学校里。 5 动词不定式 (1) 概念 动词不定式是由“to动词原形”构成。动词不定式是一种非限定性动词，在句中不能单独充当谓语。动词不定式相当于名词、形容词或副词，在句中可以作句子除谓语之外的任何句子成分。 (2) 句型 主语 + vt. (及物动词) + to-v (动词不定式) want, decide, wish, hope, choose, refuse, would like, expect, He decided to go there himself. 他决定亲自去那儿。 主语+ vt. (及物动词) + to-v (动词不定式) stop, go on, remember, forget, start, begin, Please remember to bring the book to school next time.请记住下次把书带到学校来。 主语 + vt.(及物动词) +it + adj.(形容词) + to-v (动词不定式) find, think, make, feel, The Internet makes it easy to get much new information in a short time. 主语+ vt.(及物动词) +sb./sth.+ (not) + to-v (动词不定式) get, allow, encourage, beg, wait for, warn, ask, want, would like, tell, wish, expect, invite, Its raining hard now. Lets wait for the rain to stop. 雨下得很大，让我们等雨停下来。 主语+ vt.(及物动词) +sb./sth.+ (not) + v (动词原形) feel, listen to, hear, let, make, have, see, watch, look at, notice, The workers was made to work twelve hours a day. 工人们被迫每天工作十二小时。 主语+ vt.(及物动词) +sb./sth.+ 疑问词 + to-v (动词不定式) teach, show, know, I dont know whether to go there. 我不知道是否去那儿。 6 英语的简单句有五种基本句型： 主谓； 主谓宾(S+V+O)； 主系表(S+V+P)； 主谓间宾直宾(S+V+IO+DO)； 主谓直宾宾补(S+V+DO+OC)。 掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。 7 过去进行时 1) 掌握过去进行时was / were + doing 表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作，其肯定、否定和疑问形式如下： I You/We/They He/She/It Was Were Was Yes, No, I you/we/they he/she/it was not/wasnt. were not/werent. was not/wasnt. I you/we/they he/she/it was. were. was. I you/we/they he/she/it dancing? was/were(+not) was(+not) were(+not) was(+not) ing form dancing. while, when, as 掌握while 和 when在过去进行时中的用法：表示两个持续性的动作在过去同时发生用while，when后接一个短暂性的动作。持续性的动作用过去进行时，短暂性的动作用一般过去时。e.g.： I was doing my homework while my father was watching TV. The bell rang while he was reading books. When the bell rang, he was reading books. (以上这两句主从句前后可以互换) 1、“主短从长”型：即主句是一个短暂性动作，而从句是一个持续性动作，此时三者都可用。如： Jim hurt his arm whilewhen， as he was playing tennis. 吉姆打网球时把手臂扭伤了。 AsWhen， While she was waiting for the train， she became very impatient. 她在等火车时，变得很不耐烦。 2、“主长从长”型：即主句和从句为两个同时进行的动作或存在的状态，且强调主句动作或状态延续到从句所指的整个时间，此时通常要用while。 I always listen to the radio while Im driving. 我总是一边开车一边听收音机。 He didnt ask me in; he kept me standing at the door while he read the message. 他没有让我进去，他只顾看那张条子，让我站在门口等着。 但是，若主句和从句所表示的两个同时进行的动作含有“一边一边”之意时，则习惯上要用as。如： He swung his arms as he walked. 他走路时摆动着手臂。 3、“主长从短”型：即主句是一个持续性动作，而从句是一个短暂性动作，此时可以用as或when，但不能用while。如： It was raining hard when as we arrived. 我们到达时正下着大雨。 When As he came in, I was listening to the radio. 他进来时，我在听收音机