对外汉语拼音教学.docx

对外汉语拼音教学 PUTONGHUA 1. Putonghua is the common language of the Han ethnic group in China. It's standard Chinese language. It's Mandarin and official. It's based on Beijing phonetics and the dialect of the northern China. 2. The Chinese language is divided into seven major dialects. Speakers of different dialects in some cases cannot understand each other, but dialects are unified by the fact that they share a common script. The seven Chinese dialects are Northern dialect, Wu dialect, Xiang dialect, Gan dialect, Min dialect, Hakka(spoken in northern Guangdong and other provinces) and Cantonese. 3. Min, Hakka and Cantonese are widely spoken among overseas Chinese communities. In Taiwan a form of Min dialect is used, though the official language is Mandarin. Mandarin is also widely used in Singapore, where it's known as Huayu. Cantonese is mainly used in Hongkong, Macao and Guangdong province. 4. There are two system in written Chinese. One is simplified, the other is traditional. The simplified is used in Mainland. The traditional is used by H.k. Macao, Taiwan and overseas Chinese communities. How do we learn pinyin well? 1.Today we will learn pinyin. 2.What is pinyin? Pinyin is the mark of phonetic notation for Chinese characters. It's made of three parts: initials, finals and tones. 3.For example, pnyn, n ho, xièxiè, zaìjìan 4.After learn three parts, we should be able to pronounce every single word. 5.How do we learn pinyin? We divide our pinyin class into 10 classes. In the first or second class, firstly recognize all (three parts). Secondly, practice group by group. Thirdly, do some exercises. Steps: 带读 解释 方法 放弃 Mistakes：发音部位 发音方法 莫名其妙 ü的读法：iü First, try to pronounce "i", and then your tongue stays here,gradually purse your lips.Try it yourself. ü的标调方法：When you see j q x y initial goes with ü, you can see u. INITIALS AND FINALS Initial Sounds:(22) These initial letters have the same pronunciation as in English:(f,l,m,s,(w),(y) · · m- (as in "man") n- (as in "no") l- (as in "letter") f- (as in "from") s- (as in "student") w- (as in "woman") The following initial letters have slight differences as noted below. If the comment calls for a strong puff of breath, old your open hand several inches from your mouth and make certain that you can actually "feel" the breath as you pronounce the letter. · · · · · · · p- (as in "pun" or "pop") note: use a strong puff of breath k- (as in "cop") note: use a strong puff of breath t- (as in "top") note: use a strong puff of breath b- (as in "bum") note: no puff of breath d- (as in "dung") note: no puff of breath g- (as in "good") note: no puff of breath h- (as in "hot") note: slightly more aspirated than in English The following initial letters are the more difficult for English speakers: · · · · · · · · · z-(as in "friends") c-(as in "bits") s-(almost the same as the pronounce of "s' in English) zh- (as in "judge") ch- (as in "church", but with a strong puff of breath) sh- (as in "shirt") r- (as in "run") j- (as in "jeep") q- (like the "ch" in "cheese") · x- (like the "sh" in "sheep") Final (Ending) Sounds:(39) The finals connect with the Intitial sounds to create the one syllable words that are the basis of the Chinese language. Although all Chinese words are one syllable, they are often combined to create terms made from several words. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · -a (as in father) -an (like the sounds of "John" or "angry") -ang (like the sound of "under" or "rang' ) -ai (as in "high") -ao (as in "how" or "out") -o (like "aw") -ou (like the "ow" in "low" or "boat") -ong (like the "ung" in "lung" with a slight "oo" sound) -e (sounds like "uh") -en (like "un" in "open") -eng (like the "ung" in "lung") -ei (like a long "a" or the "ei" in "eight") -er (like the "er" in "herd") -i (like a long "e" or the "i" in "machine" or "see") -ia ( like ya in "yard") -ian (similar to "yen") -iang(-i followed by ang) -iao (like yow in "yowl") -ie (like ye in "yes") · · · · · · · · · · · · · · -in (as in "bin") -ing (like "sing") -iong (i merged with ong) -iu (like yo in "yoga") -u (like the "oo" in "loop") -ua (u followed by a) -uai (like wi in "wild") -uan (u followed by an) -uang (like wang in "twang") -uang (u followed by eng, which exists only with zero initial as weng) -ui (similar to "way") -un (as in "fun") -uo (as in "war") -ü (First, try to pronounce "i", and then your tongue stays here, gradually purse your lips. Try it yourself) · · · -uan (ü followed by an, only with initials j,q,x) -ue/üe -un (ü with n, like French une) Rules of spelling 1. The finals of zhi chi shi ri zi ci si are "i". 2. As for finals beginning with "i" without initials: If there is no other vowel, just add 'y' to the beginning: y, yn，yng. If there is another vowel or other vowels, remove 'i'and add 'y' to the beginning: ya(-ia); ye(-ie); yao(-iao); you(-iou); yang(-iang); yong(-iong) 3. AS for finals beginning with 'u' without initials: If there is no other vowel, just add 'w' to the beginning: wu If there is another vowel or other vowels, remove 'u' and 'w' to the beginning: wa(-ua); wo(-uo); wan(-uan); wang(-uang); weng(-ueng); wai(-uai); wei(-uei); wen(-uen). 4. When you see j q x y initial goes with ü，you can see u. For example, Ju; quan; xue; yu; yue; yuan; yun. 5. Tone marks are marked on the vowels 'a o e i u ü' according to the order. For example, ki zho. When the tone mark is on an 'i', the dot on the 'i' should be omitted. For example, jn, tì, zh. AS for finals iu and ui, we always put the tone marks on the latter. For example,di niú hu TONES 1. Definition Chinese is tone language. By tone language I mean the language in which every word has its specific tone or tones. 2. Importance Tones can distinguish meanings. Different tones have different meanings. For example, the two pinyin have the same initial and final. They are different only in tones. For example, mi and mài, m and m. mi is the third tone and means to buy. mài is the fourth tone and means to sell. 3. A vivid illustration of Chinese tones. (pitch graph of the 4 tones) The tone marks: mother Yes? (not found) Yes！What！ In order to give you a better understanding, I will share you a pitch graph so that you will know what is tone like vividly. 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 The bigger the number, the higher the pitch. The first tone is number 5. The second tone is from number 3 to number 5. The third tone is from number 2 to 1 and then goes from number 1 to number 2 to 4. The fourth tone is from number 5 to number 1. 4. Where to place tone marks? Generally, put it on the major vowel of the "final". Then what's the major vowels? It's that one that appears ahead according to the order "a o e i u ü". Eg. mi ki zho xiè du 5. The neutral tone/ light tone/ toneless Some words have unstressed syllables which one toneless and therefore they are not given tone marks. Eg. . 6. How do we know a word is the neutral tone? Structural words like particles are also often unstressed and similarly unmarked. Eg. de(的） le ma(吗) When we address others, sometimes the same two Chinese characters are read together. The second one is often toneless. Eg. mma jijie other cases conventional/customary Eg. Wmen xièxie tàiyang ynjing TONAL ADJUSTMENT 1. Adjustment of the third tone In speech,when a third tone precedes another third one, it changes to a second tone. Eg. nho Tone3+tone(1,2,4.neutral)-its rising part is omitted, like half tone3 Eg. Wmèi Wmen 2. Adjustment of 不(bu) and 一(yi） When y precedes tone1, tone2 and tone3, it changes to the fourth tone. When y precedes the fourth tone, it changes to the second tone. Eg. ytinyì yniányì ywnyì ykuaiyí Similarly, 不is fourth tone but changes to second tone bú. bùgo/ bùnán/bùhobù(remain the same tone); bùmànbúmàn