从语言学角度分析My dair lady.docx

从语言学角度分析My dair lady Sociolinguistic Analysis of My Fair Lady Abstract My Fair Lady is a movie about how a poor flower girl turns to a lady by simply changing her language at the help of a linguist. It demonstrates in a dramatic way the importance of language as a social identity of a person and the influence a language exerts on a persons experience. This paper tries to explain some phenomena in the movie in a sociolinguistics view, focusing on variations of language caused by gender difference and class difference. The paper hopes to help the reader to know better the charm of language through the analysis and to have a profound understanding of the film. 窈窕淑女社会语言学分析 摘要 窈窕淑女是一部讲述一个贫穷的卖花女如何变成一位女士通过 简单地改变她的语言在语言学家的帮助。它演示了一个戏剧性的方式语言的重要性作为一个人，影响一个语言上施加一个人的经验的社会认同。本文试图解释在电影中一些现象的社会语言学的观点，注重语言所造成的性别差异和阶级差别的变化。本文希望能帮助读者通过分析来更好地了解语言的魅力，并有电影的深刻认识。 Key words sociolinguistic; gender difference; class - related variation关键词社会语言学;性别差异;类- 相关变化 I. Introduction Sociolinguistic is“the study of language in relation to society”. It is believed that language is an essential part in our lives because it is“a very structured set of symbols”by which we can identify ourselves in the world. Just as it is impossible for two pop let to have identical experiences, so the language of two pop let will never be the same. A persons language is closely related to his/her social background and viceversa, his/her experience will to a large extent be determined by the language he / she speaks. The movie My Fair Lady is a good illustration. My Fair Lady is a movie about how a poor flower girl named Eliza changes her life by changing her language at the help of a famous linguist Professor Higgins. Eliza is a lower - class flower girl selling flowers on the streets who speaks“terrible English”. Higgins boasts to his friend Pickering that he could turn this girl into a real lady in six months simply by teaching her standard English. Eliza also wants to become genteel so that she could find a job in a flower shop, therefore she goes to Higgins for help. The game begins and after two months Eliza successfully turns into a lady, dancing in the Embassy Ball with Transylvanian prince and everyone thinks her is a princess. This paper tries to analyze the movie from a sociolinguistic angle, mainly focusing on language difference caused by social class and gender difference. 社会语言学是“语言的有关社会研究” 。据认为，语言是我们生活中必不可少的一部分，因为它是“一个非常结构化的符号集”，其中我们可以找出自己在世界上。只是因为它是不可能的两个弹出让有相同的经历，所以两个流行让利的语言将永远是相同的。一个人的语言是密切相关的他/她的社会背景，反之亦然，他/她的经验将在很大程度上是由他/她会说的语言决定。电影窈窕淑女是一个很好的例证。窈窕淑女是一部讲述如何命名伊丽莎一个贫穷的卖花女，通过改变她的语言在著名语言学家希金斯教授的帮助下改变了她的生活。伊莉莎是一个较低的 - 班花姑娘谁讲“可怕的英语”街头叫卖鲜花。希金斯吹嘘他的朋友皮克林说，他可以把这个女孩变成在六个月内真正的淑女只需教她标准的英语。艾丽莎也想成为上流社会的，以便她能找到一份工作在一家花店，因此她去希金斯寻求帮助。游戏一开始两个月后艾丽莎成功地变成了淑女，在跳舞使馆球，特兰西瓦尼亚王子，大家都认为她是一个公主。本文试图从社会语言学的角度分析电影，主要集中在造成社会阶级和性别差异语言差异。 . Dialects Every language may have varieties, which defines by Hudson as“a set of linguistic items with similar distribution”. Dialect is one of the varieties of language which is believed to be excluded from polite society. Taking English for example,as the most wildly - used language in the world, English has many varieties such as British English, American English, Indian English and so on. In each variety, there are many dialects. To those who do not speak natural standard English, we can always find traces of dialects in their speaking from which we may find out their identities. Just as Professor Higgins has said in the movie, “an Englishmans way of speaking absolutely classifies him”. 每一种语言可以有多个品种，其中由哈德森定义为“一组具有类似分布的语言项目”。方言是语言的品种被认为是排除在上流社会中的一个。以英语为例，作为最疯狂- 在世界上使用的语言，英语中有许多品种，如英式英语，美式英语，印度英语等等。在各品种中，有很多方言。对于那些谁不说自然标准的英语，我们总可以找到方言的痕迹在他们的演讲，从中我们可以发现他们的身份。正如希金斯教授在电影中曾表示，“说到英国人的生活方式绝对他归类”。 2. 1 Regional Dialect Regional dialects are“varieties of a language which are spoken in different geographical areas”. A regional dialect distinguishes pop let of one region from those of another region. In the movie, as a linguist Higgins can easily tell where the person is from by the accent he / she wears. He knows Eliza is from the far eastern part of Britain, Lisson Grove, and that Charlie,Elizas father, may have a Welsh mother from their speaking. Not only could he tell which part of Britain a person is from but also he could roughly tell which block a person lives if she /her is a Londoner. Although it may be exaggerated to portray a linguist like this in the movie, it has indeed demonstrated to us how great the influence of a dialect can be. As a fan of standard British English, Higgins despises any regional English variety besides standard British English. “The Scotch and the Irish leave you close to tears. In America they havent used it ( English) for years, ”said the professor. 2 。 1区域方言方言是“品种这是讲在不同地理区域的一种语言” 。一个地区的方言区分一个区域不同于其他地区的流行让利。在电影中，作为一个语言学家希金斯可以轻松地告诉那里的人是从他/她穿的口音。他知道伊丽莎是来自英国，里森树丛的远东部分，查理，艾丽莎的父亲，可能有威尔士的母亲从他们的演讲。他不仅仅能分辨出哪英国的一部分，一个人是也他可以大致分辨出哪阻止一个人住，如果她/她是一个伦敦人。虽然它可能被夸大描绘这样的语言学家在电影中，它确实证明我们多么伟大的一个方言的影响即可。由于标准的英式英语的粉丝，希金斯轻视任何地区英语除了各种标准的英式英语。 “在苏格兰和爱尔兰离开你快要哭了。在美国，他们还没有使用它多年来， “教授说。 2. 2 Social Dialects Just as regional dialects distinguish pop le from one region to anther, so does a social dialect distinguish pop let from one class or group to another. Two pop let who are born in the same place may not use the same variety of language. Their social background counts a large part in their speaking and can make a great difference in their use of language. At the time when My Fair Lady sets as background, the upper class and the lower class spoke totally different languages,and men and women talked differently too. The movie has well reflected class - related social dialects and gender - related social variations. 2。2社会方言 正如地方方言区分流行乐从一个地区到花药，所以没有一个社会方言区分弹出让利从一个类或一组到另一个。两个弹出就让谁是出生在同一个地方可能不能使用相同的各种语言。他们的社会背景计数有很大一部分在他们的演讲，可以使他们的语言的使用有很大的区别。而此时窈窕淑女设置为背景时，上层阶级和下层阶级说话完全不同的语言，男人和女人不同的交谈也。这部电影已经很好的体现类- 相关的社会方言和性别- 相关的社会变化。 1. Class - related social dialects Language has classes too. In the movie, the upper class speak standard English while the lower class speak nonstandard English varieties. Eliza comes from Lisson Grove. Grammatically she says“hes your son, is he?”instead of“hes your son, is not he?”, “I aint done”, “me words”and“it were not”instead of“I havent done”, “my words and“it was not”. Elizas friends who are from Selsey and Hoxton make similar grammatical mistakes as Eliza does. They apply“aint” to every negative sentence, regardless of person or auxiliary. Phonologically they omit /./ in words like“going”and“paying”, pronounce“you”as“ya”if the word is at the end of a sentence, and contract“believe me”as“blimey”. The upper class, on the other hand, even if some of them may wear accent, speak grammatically and phonologically correctly. Different ways of speaking may give different impressions to the hearer. The language of the lower class sounds barbarous and impolite while the language of upper class implicates grace and politeness. Language sets as a natural barrier between the classes. Professor Higgins condemns Eliza as the murder of English and proposes that she should be hanged for not speaking“the language of Shakespeare and Milton and the Bible”. He predicts that the girl will live a miserable life for the whole life because of her language. To him, Eliza is a dirty and shallow girl who drinks a lot and has no feelings like others. All his assumption is merely based on her language. Eliza, having heard Higginss boast to his friend that he could change her life by teaching her talk, goes to find Higgins to persuade him to teach her how to talk so that she could find a job as a shop assistant in a flower shop. When the man answering the door asks her name, Eliza says nothing. The man repeats his words in a polite way. The moment Eliza opens her mouth the mans attitude turns into a cold politeness. Mrs. Pearce, the housekeeper, does not sent Eliza away only because she thought Eliza was coming to record her“ghastly accent”for the professor. The influence of language is such that it can make pop let prejudge a person before knowing 1 。类 - 相关的社会方言语言具有类也。在电影中，上层阶级讲标准英语，而下层阶级说话非标准英语的品种。伊莉莎来自里森树丛。语法上，她说， “他是你的儿子，是他？ ”，而不是“他是你的儿子，是不是他？ ” ， “我不这样做” ， “我的话”和“它不是”，而不是“我的天堂有人去做“ ， ”我的话''和“它不是” 。艾丽莎的朋友谁是从塞尔西和霍克斯顿作出类似的语法错误的伊丽莎一样。它们适用“不”的每一个否定句，不论个人或辅助。音位他们省略/ /像“走出去”和“付”字，发音“你”为“雅” ，如果这个词是一个句子的末尾，并且合同“相信我”为“啊呀” 。上层阶级，而另一方面，即使其中一些可能穿的口音，语法和语音上正确地说话。讲不同的方式可能给听话人给予不同的印象。下层阶级的语言听起来野蛮无礼，而上层阶级的语言蕴涵的优雅和礼貌。语言设置为类之间的天然屏障。希金斯教授谴责伊丽莎英语的谋杀案，并建议她应该被绞死不说“莎士比亚和弥尔顿和圣经的语言” 。他预测，女孩会生活，因为她的语言悲惨的生活整个的生活。对他来说，伊莉莎是一个肮脏和肤浅的女孩谁喝了很多，已经没有感情像其他人一样。他所有的假设仅仅是基于她的语言。伊丽莎，听了希金斯吹嘘他的朋友，他可以教她的谈话改变了她的生活，去寻找希金斯说服他教她如何说话，让她能找到一份工作作为一个店员在一家花店。当该名男子回答门口问她的名字，伊丽莎说什么。该名男子重复他的话在一个礼貌的方式。此刻伊丽莎打开她的嘴男人的态度变成了一个寒冷的礼貌。皮尔斯太太，管家，不发送艾丽莎离开只是因为她想起了伊丽莎是来记录她“可怕的口音”的教授。语言的影响是这样的，它可以使弹出让知道之前预先判断一个人 him /her well. Eliza begins to learn speaking standard English from Professor Higgins. Most of the time she learns how to standardize her lower - class pronunciation of vowels /· au / and /· i/ to / ei/ and / au / , and learns to pronounce /h / which was omitted in her previous speaking. Besides, she has to learn to put the tone at a proper position of a sentence. For example, she should say“how kind of you to let me come”with the stress on the second word“kind”instead of on“you”. When Eliza finally learns the vowels Professor Higgins takes her to the race where she is supposed to talk about only weather and health. There is a strong trace of imitation in her speaking but she does well. However, she betrays herself when shouting at the horse“move your bloom in arse”at the end of the race. We can understand how hard it is for a person to change his/her speaking totally in such a short time. Despite of the accident, Professor Higgins decides to take her to the Embassy Ball after two more weeks training. When Eliza appears in the Embassy Ball, she is not the flower girl any more or the girl in the race. She speaks pure standard English and behaves gracefully. The prince is attracted by her charm and asks her to dance with him. She is regarded as a foreign princess by everyone. The reason why people regard Eliza as a foreigner is that a Hungarian linguist says that her English is too good which indicates she is not English because English people do not receive education on their native language. She must have learned English from a linguistic professor. And by her grace, said the Hungarian linguist, he could tell“her blood is bluer than the Danube”and must be a princess. In sociolinguistics, this phenomenon is called hypercorrection. The term hypercorrection is first put forward by Labov. In his investigation of the / r/ variable in New York City, Labov discovers that the lower middle class speak with more r - pronunciation than the upper middle class, which is weird because in theory the amount of ruse should increase by social class. Labov finds out that lower class people who are aware of the prestigious use of r tend to“outperform their reference group ”i. e. the upper middle class. Labov call the out - performance as hyper correction. In the movie hypercorrection has occurred to Eliza. As a lower class girl who is trained to become a higher class duchess to attend a ball, Eliza has made great efforts in imitating the way the upper class people talk so that in the end her speech is much more standard than her reference groupthe noble 他/她的好。伊丽莎开始学习希金斯教授说标准的英语。大多数时候，她学会了如何降低标准化她 - 元音发音级/ ·金/和/ · I /至/ EI /和/ AU / ，并学会发音/小时/这是在她以前的演讲省略。此外，她必须学会把音在句子的适当位置。例如，她应该说“怎么样你让我来”与强调的“你”的第二个字“种”，而不是。当艾丽莎终于学会了元音希金斯教授把她的地方，她应该谈论仅天气和健康的比赛。有模仿她说话强大的跟踪，但她做得很好。然而，当她在喊马在比赛结束“移动你盛开在”屁股“背叛自己。我们可以把它理解是多么困难的一个人改变他/她在这么短的时间讲完全。尽管事故，希金斯教授决定带她到使馆球后两个星期的训练。当艾丽莎出现在使馆球，她不是花童任何更多的还是姑娘在比赛中。她会讲纯正标准的英语和行为优雅。王子被她的魅力所吸引，并要求她跟他跳舞。她被大家看作是一位陌生的公主。人们之所以把艾丽莎作为一个外国人，是一个匈牙利语言学家说，她的英语不太好这表明她不是英语，因为英语的人不接受教育，他们的母语。她一定已经学英语从语言学教授。和她的恩典，称匈牙利语言学家，他可以说“她的血比多瑙河更蓝”，必须是一个公主。在社会语言学，这种现象称为矫枉过正。术语矫枉过正首先提出拉波夫。他在纽约市使用/ r /变量的调查，拉波夫发现下层中产阶级以上的R说话 - 发音比上层中产阶级，这是奇怪的，因为在理论上诡计的量应该由社会阶层增加。拉波夫发现是低下阶层的人知道谁是久负盛名的使用为r的倾向于“跑赢大市的参照组的”i 。 Ë 。中上阶层。拉波夫叫出来 - 表现为过度校正。在电影矫枉过正发生伊丽莎。作为一个下层阶级的姑娘谁是训练成为一个更高级别的公爵夫人出席了一个球，伊丽莎作出了巨大努力模仿的方式上层社会的人说话那么，到底她的讲话是远远超过她的参照组，更标准高贵 After a quarrel with Professor Higgins because he did not praise her for the success in the ball, Eliza goes back to where she lived only to find people who were familiar with her cannot even recognize her any more. They call her miss and suggest that lady like her should not be walking alone around London that hour of the morning. Eliza is under going an identity crisis. Having changed in language and behavior, Eliza no longer belongs to her previous speech community. A speech community, according to the definition provided by Bloomfield, “is a group of people who interact by means of speech”. Strictly speaking, Eliza does not belong to the speech community of upper class, either. She may speak their language but she is not one of them. She is only a poor flower girl who has learned a noble way of speaking. Eliza is worried about and confused by what she will become of and where she should go. Apparently it is impossible to go back to sell flowers now. “Now you have made a lady of me, Im not fit to sell anything else, ”Eliza complained to Professor. The movie ends as Eliza continuing to stay at the Professors where everyone knows her identity as a flower girl and yet loves her as a duchess. 吵架后希金斯教授,因为他没有赞扬她成功的球,伊丽莎回到她住的地方才发现熟悉她的人甚至不能认出她了。他们叫她小姐,建议女士喜欢她不应该独自走在伦敦的早晨。伊丽莎是在身份危机。在语言和行为改变,伊丽莎不再属于她之前的言语社团。社区的一次演讲中,根据布卢姆菲尔德提供的定义,“是一组通过语音交互的人”。严格地说,伊丽莎不属于上层阶级的言语社区,。她可能会说他们的语言,但她不是其中之一。她只是一个可怜的花朵女孩已经学会了高贵的说话方式。伊丽莎是担心她会变得和困惑的,她应该去的地方。显然是不可能回到现在卖鲜花。“现在你有了我夫人,我不适合卖什么,”伊丽莎向教授。电影结束,伊莉莎继续呆在教授的,每个人都知道她的身份作为一个卖花女,但爱她的公爵夫人。 吵架后希金斯教授,因为他没有赞扬她成功的球,伊丽莎回到她住的地方才发现熟悉她的人甚至不能认出她了。他们叫她小姐,建议女士喜欢她不应该独自走在伦敦的早晨。伊丽莎是在身份危机。在语言和行为改变,伊丽莎不再属于她之前的言语社团。社区的一次演讲中,根据布卢姆菲尔德提供的定义,“是一组通过语音交互的人”。严格地说,伊丽莎不属于上层阶级的言语社区,。她可能会说他们的语言,但她不是其中之一。她只是一个可怜的花朵女孩已经学会了高贵的说话方式。伊丽莎是担心她会变得和困惑的,她应该去的地方。显然是不可能回到现在卖鲜花。“现在你有了我夫人,我不适合卖什么,”伊丽莎向教授。电影结束,伊莉莎继续呆在教授的,每个人都知道她的身份作为一个卖花女,但爱她的公爵夫人。 2. Gender - related social variations Besides class - related social dialects, the movie has clearly demonstrated difference of the use of language caused by gender difference. Men and women talk differently. This is a truth generally accepted in sociolinguistics.The language of men and women vary form many aspects. In terms of tone, women prefer to use rising tone in the end of statements while men like to use a falling tone. In the movie, when Eliza goes to visit Professor Higgins, both the man who answers the door and the house keeper Mrs. Pearce have uttered the sentence“one moment, please”. The difference is that the man used a falling tone on the word“please”while Mrs. Pearce used a rising tone. Women also like to add tag questions to statements. “Hes your son, is he?”Eliza asks a woman like this. Women talk in this way to encourage others to give an explicit answer or to join in the discussion actively. Gener