Bostonjadecollar波士顿的翡翠项圈.doc

Boston jade collar（“波士顿的翡翠项圈”）摘 要：Landscape (Landscape Planning) as a landscape design (Landscape Architecture), child discipline, after more than a century after the storms, theories and methods is gradually maturing. An important feature of the landscape is the continuation of a long time, sometimes you need the efforts of several generations. This article describes planning, park system from the 19th century (Park System) movement continues to this day. During this lengthy process, support the continued development of basic theory of evolution, from the early days of the Park Road, park system began, and then there is open space and the green channel. The plan largely reflects the development of spatial planning of landscape structure and have an extremely far-reaching impact, and by academics and landscape planning and design of urban planning academic attention. This document details the development of planning and brief comparison about these ideas.关键词：Landscape Architecture Emerald Necklace正文：一 Olmsted and the “Emerald Necklace” Olmsted (Frederick Law Olmsted,1822-1903) as the "United States of landscape design parent". He initiated the first landscape architecture (Landscape Architecture), and with the help of a few good colleagues and students, completing many of the great works. Boston's "Emerald Necklace (1880)" is one of his most representative work, on the National Park movement, and even the entire professional development have Immeasurable Influence. In moving towards the "Emerald Necklace" before, Olmsted and his partner Calvert Vaux designed in cooperation with several important parks in Boston, Back Bay marshes into hope for a City Park, Franklin Park (Prospect Park, 1866). In this two a park design of Foundation Shang, Olmsted began idea a grand of plans, is with some continuous of green space-Park Road (Parkway) will its design of two a park and other several Park, and Mudd River (the River eventually meeting into Charles River) connection up, this is later is called "Emerald collar" (figure a, 1886 published) of planning.。 "Emerald Necklace" embodied in the planning of the Park Road is not the first time Olmsted's work, but in this work more fully. United States most of the many problems arising from the rapid expansion of the city, such as unreasonable, the deterioration of the environment, urban spatial structure of city traffic chaos (John m. Levy,1994). Great humanism, Jefferson tried to promote his democratic ideas, Olmsted designed the Park's related theory extended to civilian life areas, urban civilians thought to express the aspirations of the Park. From in the 1860 of the 19th century, Olmsted began trying to park road or other linear way to connect to the City Park, or Park extends to nearby communities, resulting in increased opportunities to move into the Park in the vicinity. Riverside estate planning in Chicago (River Side), Olmsted on either side of river and land-use planning to park and walk to various groups and it connects the center of green space. In Boston, "Emerald Necklace", Olmsted's methods as being similar to, and summary of this idea as a concept-new Park Road. Worth mentioning is around late in the United Kingdom also have independent there are some related concepts, such as Ebenezer Howard's Garden City (Garden City), green (Greenbelt). In Howard's Garden City the ideal plan, 420-foot-wide boulevards surround Center City (Howard, 1902).Olmsted Park Road which mainly refers to the lush trees on both sides of the linear channel. These channel is connected to the Park and the surrounding communities, the width is not, can only accommodate the carriage road and walk. Olmsted, as saying: "on the road, driving comfort and convenience has become more important than the shortcut. And because of the common line of road in urban road system as well as the resulting regular refuse to be distracted when the plane would make people in the road, resulting in forward extrusion of a sense of urgency. When we designed the roads should generally take the beautiful curves, spacious space, avoiding the sharp corner of the idea, it suggests that the landscape is suitable for open space, thinking, and a pleasant and quiet environment (quoted from Geoffrey and Susan Jellicoe,1995). "In Olmsted and Vaux in the late works of large-scale use of such expressions, including Chicago and Buffalo Park Road open space system. The first emphasis is on Park Road and aesthetics of that era's most pressing social problems (John m. Levy,1994). It should be noted that is: as the Olmsted era used car is not a great deal of life, he emphasized that means of transport is the carriage and walk; after 1920 inherited ideas from the Olmsted Park Road construction, but the main emphasis on the automobile and road on both sides of the landscape as a result of driving pleasure.In the "Emerald Necklace" in plan implementation project, Olmsted also places great emphasis on urban flood control and urban water quality issues. Resolution of these issues mainly through the construction of sewer pipes, sluices, and other measures. Olmsted created a precedent for multiobjective programming in the unconscious, although these modern engineering and similar, and not as we say today's ecological methods (Smith, Daniel s. and Hellmund, Paul c., 1993).二 Boston open space system( Metropolitan Park System)As age increases, Olmsted gradually fade out design stage, he was student of Elliott (Charles Eliot,1859-1897) put his ideas to further improve and develop, and apply to the city of Boston. In 1897 after Eliot's death, this great project by Eliot's nephew Eliot II took over, and eventually formed in Boston in the early 20th century the Metropolitan open space system.Eliot was born in Cambridge and graduated from Harvard University in 1882, his father was President of Harvard University. 1983 Elliott as Olmsted's apprentice, and participated in Olmsted's main project in Boston, hope Park, and so on. In 1885, the Eliot of Olmsted suggestion to visit Europe travel, 1886 returned to Boston, and set up his own firm. In 1893 he joined the Olmsted firm and become primarily responsible, the Institute changed its name to Olmsted, Olmsted and Eliot landscape design firm (Olmsted,Olmsted and Eliot). In 1893 the firm commitment of the Boston open space system of planning and design tasks.Eliot's most outstanding contribution embodied in two aspects. Is the protection of natural landscapes. In 1890 he published "Waverly Oaks" in the article, Elliot tried to appeal to Massachusetts, Belmont Hill, a protected oak forest, and developed a number of policies to protect Massachusetts scenic. 1896 Elliott completed his name as "protection of vegetation and forest scenery (Vegetation and Forest Scenery for Reservation)" research. In the study, he developed a set of methods, the famous "after the first survey planning" theory, the theory of the entire landscape design from experience-oriented system and science. Louis after the method had been affected in the 1960 of the 20th century and McHarg's ecological planning, some scholars pointed out that even McHarg "thousand layer cake pattern" is Eliot "after the first survey planning" replica of models (Steiner, f. Young g. and Zube, e., 1987). This is Elliot is a major contribution to landscape design.Eliot these ideas are concentrated in the Boston area of open space in the planning system. 3 main rivers (including the Charles River) and six major open spaces in the suburbs of the city were connected together. The plan also calls for the Revere Beach land from private use to public use, protection of Boston Bay of Islands, in densely populated areas, such as building a large number of small squares, stadiums and parks. The planning for the Boston area has increased by 250 square miles of open space. Today, Elliott as "father of the Boston open space system" for people to remember (William h. Tishler,1989).At its peak when Elliott died suddenly. Eliot's nephew Eliot II task of succeeding Eliot, and open space on the concepts applied to the entire city of Boston. That mission continued until in the 1930 of the 20th century. Second, 1902 in Boston open space plan diagram. Figure III was completed in 1928 Eliot II most of the Boston open space plan (open space plan for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1928). Both open spaces and protected area planning of the planning for the establishment of a complete set of frameworks and models, 50 later this pattern is often used. At the same time, the plan of implementation as well as Boston left valuable legacies.三 New England green channel planning( Greenway Planning)The plan led by the famous landscape architect Julius Fabos, University of Masschusetts and some teachers and students of the University of Connecticut, as well as some government officials of the six new England States, and landscape designers work together to complete.