大学英语四级 语法课件.ppt

大学英语四级,-,语法篇,时态复习,时,态,过去,现在,将来,过去将来,一般,did,do,will/shall do,should/would do,进行,was/were doing,am/is/are doing,will/shall be doing,/,完成,had done,have/has done,will/shall have done,should/would,have done,用于虚,拟语气,完成进行,had been doing,have/has been doing,/,/,过去,现在,将来,过去将来,一般,was/were given,am/is/are given,will/shall be given,should/would be given,进行,was/were being,given,am/is/are being given,/,/,完成,had been given,have/has been given,will/shall have been given,should/would,have,been given,完成进行,/,/,/,?,时间状语从句当中的时态：,?,一般过去时,所有的过去,?,用,一般现在时,表示,现在和将来,?,现在完成时,现在完成和将来完成,非谓语动词,非谓语动词,-,不定式,?,1),形式,?,主动形式,被动形式,一般式,to do to be done,完成式,to have done,to have been done,进行式,to be doing,完成进行式,to have been doing,?,a),完成式,:,不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与,主要谓语表示的动作,(,状态,),同时,(,或几乎同时,),发生,或,是在它之后发生,.,假如不定式所表示的动作,在谓语所,表示的动作,(,状态,),之前发生,就要用不定式的完成式,.,I am glad to have seen your mother(=I am glad I,have seen your mother).,(,比较,:I am glad to see you.),He is said to have written a new book about,workers.,He pretended not to have seen me.,?,b),进行式,:,如果主要谓语表示的动作,(,状,态,),发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行,这时要用不定式的进行式,.,You are not supposed to be working.,You havent quite recovered yet.,We didnt expect you to be waiting,for us here.,He pretended to be listening,attentively.,?,c),完成进行式,:,在谓语所表示的时间之前一直,进行的动作,就要用不定式的完成进行式,.,The struggle was known to have been going,for twenty years.,We are happy to have been working with you.,?,d),被动式,:,当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式,所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被,动形式,.,It is an honour for me to be asked to speak,here.,He wanted the letter to be typed at once.,This is bound to be found out.,There are a lot of things to be done.,She was too young to be assigned such work.,?,2),功用,:,不定式可以作主语,(a),宾语,(b),表语,(c),定语,(d),或是状语,(e).,a.To scold her would not be just.,b.We are planning to build a reservoir here.,c.One of our main tasks now is to mechanize,agriculture.,d.Do you have anything to declare?,e.We have come to learn from you.,?,3),不带,to,的不定式,:,?,a),在“动词,+,宾语,+,不定式”结构中,如果动,词是表示感觉意义的,see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice,等,或是表示“致使”意义的,have,make,let,等,其后的不定式结构不带,to.,John made her tell him everything.,?,这类结构转换为被动语态时,后面的不带,to,的,不定式一般还原为带,to,的不定式,.,She was made to tell him everything.,?,b),在,had better,had best,would rather,would sooner,would just as soon,might(just),as well,cannot but,等搭配之后,动词不定式也,不带,to.,Id rather not have eggs and bacon for,breakfast.,They cannot but accept his term.,?,c),在,make do,make believe,let drop,let fall,let fly,let slip,let drive,let go of,let there be,hear say,hear tell,leave go of,等固定搭配中,用不带,to,的动词不定式,.,John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.,（一顿咒骂）,Ive heard tell of him.,（听说、听到）,?,d),在动词,help(,或,help+,宾语,),之后可用不带,to,的不定式,也可用带,to,的不定式,.,Can I help(to)lift this heavy box?,?,e),在介词,except,but,之后,如果其前有动词,do,的某种,形式,不定式一般不带,to,反之带,to.,There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.,Smith will do anything but work on a farm.,Theres no choice but to wait till it stops raining.,?,f),连词,rather than,sooner than,置于句首时,其后的不定式不带,to.,Rather than push the book back as he,wanted to do,he forced himself to pick it up.,?,出现在句中其他位置时,其后的不定式有时带,to,有时不带,to.,He decided to write rather than telephone.,The manager believes it is important to invest,in new machinery rather than to increase,wages.,?,g),用作补语的动词不定式,如果主语是由“,all+,关系,分句”，“,thing+,关系分句”，“,what,分句”或,“,thing+,不定式结构”等构成，并带有,do,的某种形式，,这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省,to,，也可以不省,.,What he will do is(to)spoil the whole thing.,All you do now is complete the form,The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.,The thing to do now is clear up this mess.,The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to,the issue.,?,4),不定式的其他用法,?,a)tooto,结构通常表示否定意义,:,She was too young to understand all that.,?,enoughto,结构则表示肯定意义,:,She was not old enough to understand all that.,?,not too,but too,all too,only too,等和不定式连用时,不,定式一般不表示否定意义,:,Hes only too pleased to help her.,?,soas(to),这种结构也可用不定式作状语,:,Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are,free.,?,b),如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的,可以在不,定式前加一个,for,引起的短语,:,It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.,It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.,?,在以某些形容词,(,如,kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite,等,),作表语时,不,定式前可加一个,of,引起的短语,来说明不定式指的是,谁的情况,:,Its kind of you to think so much of us.,(It is)Awfully good of you to come and meet us.,Its very nice of you to be so considerate.,Its unwise of them to turn down the proposal.,动名词,?,具有动作性特征的名词,?,1),是名词,seeing is believing,?,2),具有动词性特征可以带宾语,一,),动名词的形式,:,?,一般形式：,I dont like you smoking.,?,完成形式：,I regret not having taken,your,advice.,?,被动形式：,This question is far from being,settled.,二,),动名词常考的点,?,1),动名词做主语谓语动词为单数,?,2),在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词,?,3),动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格,或所有格形式给出逻辑主语,.,?,I would appreciate_ back this afternoon,?,A,you to call B,you call C,you calling D,youre,calling,（,Key,：,C your calling,也对）,?,I regret not having taken,your advice.,4),有些词后只能接动名词,?,admit;appreciate;avoid;celebrate;consider;,contemplate;defer;delay;deny;detest;,discontinue;dislike;dispute;enjoy;it entails;,escape;excuse;explain;fancy;feel like;,finish;forgive;cant help;hinder;imagine;it,involves;keep;it means;mention;mind;,miss;it necessitates;pardon;postpone;,practice;prevent;recall;report;resent;resist;,risk;suggest;understand.,另外还有一些接,-ing,形式的常用说法,?,its no good;its no/little/hardly any/,use;its not/hardly/scarcely use;,its worthwhile;spend money/time;,theres no;theres no point in;,theres nothing worse than;whats,the use/point.,5,有些词后加不定式和动名词均可,?,remember,forget,try,stop,go on,cease,mean,后面用不定式和,-ing,形式，意义截然不容。,?,I,remembered to post,the letters.(,指未来,/,过去未来,的动作,),?,I,remembered posting/having posting,the letters,(,我记得这个动作,),?,forgot,与,remember,的用法类似。,?,I,regret to inform,you that,我很遗憾地通知你,?,I,regretted having left,the firm after twenty years.,为了,二十年前的离开,而遗,憾。,?,try to,努力,You really must,try to,overcome,your shyness.,?,try,ing,试验,Try practicing,five hours a day.,?,I,mean to,go,but my father would not allow,me to.,打算、想,我想去，但我父亲不让我去。,?,To raise wage,means increasing,purchasing,power.,意味着,赠加工资意味着增加购买力。,prefer,的用法：,?,我宁愿在这里等。,?,I,prefer,to wait here.,（所以啊，你不介意的,话，我就等下去。）,?,I,prefer,waiting here.,（我正在这里等，我就,喜欢这么做。）,?,I,prefer,swimming to cycling.,（这个句子里面,就不能用不定式了。）,分,词,?,3.,分词,?,1),意义,:,过去分词通常来自及物动词,带有被动意义和,完成意义,;,而现在分词有的来自及物动词,有的来自不,及物动词,通常带有主动意义和未完成意义,.,frozen food a freezing wind,a bored traveller a boring journey,a lost cause a losing battle,a conquered army a conquering army,a finished article the last finishing touch,the spoken word a speaking bird,a closed shop the closing hour,a recorded talk a recording machine,?,来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰,语,能作这样用的仅限于下面几个词,仅表示完成意义,不表示被动意义,.,the risen sun,fallen leaves,faded/withered flowers,returned students,retired workers,departed friends,escaped prisoners,the vanished jewels,newly-,arrived visitors,?,用作后置修饰语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他,成分,在意义上相当于关系分句,.,Most of the people invited to the reception were old,friends.,?,2),句法作用,?,a),作定语,:distinguished guest,贵宾,unknown,heroes,无名英雄,armed forces,武装部队,canned food,罐头食品,boiled water,开水,steamed bread,馒头,stricken area,灾区,?,分词还可构成合成词作定语,:simply-furnished,room,陈设简单的房间,clear-cut answer,明确的,答复,highly-developed industry,高度发展的工,业,heartfelt thanks,衷心的感谢,hand-made,goods,手工制品,man-made satellite,人造卫星,?,b),作补足语,:,可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有,:,see,hear,feel,find,think,等表示感觉和心理状态的动词,.,I saw the students assembled in the hall.,We found her greatly changed.,?,make,get,have,keep,等表示”致使”意义的动词,:,I have my hair cut every ten days.,She got her bad tooth pulled out.,Please keep us informed of the latest developments.,?,like,want,wish,order,等表示希望,要求,命令等意义的动词,:,I dont want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal.,He wont like such questions(to be)discussed at the meeting.,?,c),过去分词短语常用作状语,修饰谓语,很多都说明动作发生的背,景或情况,.,Guided by these principles,they went on with the work,Delighted with her work,they made her the general manager.,?,过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因,相当于一个表示原因的状语从,句,.,Influenced by his example,they performed countless good deeds.,?,有时也可说明动作发生的时间,相当于一个表示时间的状语从句,.,This method,tried in areas near Shanghai,resulted in a marked,rise in total production.,?,间或也可表示一个假设的情况,相当于一个条件从句,.,Given closer analysis,we can see this is totally wrong.,?,偶尔也可用来代替一个“让步”状语从句,.,Picked 20 years a year,it grows tired only after 40 or 50 years.,2020/4/28,虚拟语气,条件句,三种基本形式,?,If I had a bike,I would lend it to you.(if,从句用过去时,主句用,should/would/could/might+,不定式,),?,If he had been here,he would have helped you.(,从,句过去完成时,主句,should/would/could/might+,不,定式完成时,),?,If I should/were to do the experiment,I would do it,some other way.(,从句用,should/were to,主句用,should/would/could/might+,不定式,),if,的省略,?,1.Were you in my position,you would do the,same.,?,2.Had he come earlier,he would have seen,her.,?,3.Should they attack us,we would wipe them,out completely.,If only,?,If only you would listen to reason.,?,If only I were ten years younger.,?,IF only he didnt drive so fast.,?,If only he had asked someones advice.,?,If I could only go to the concert.,?,If I could only/but/just explain.,I wish,?,I wish I knew the answer.,?,I wish I had known the address.,?,I wish I were young.,?,I wish you would stop asking silly questions.,?,I wished I knew his address.(,发生在过去,=I was sorry,I didnt know his address.),?,I wished I were young.(=I was sorry I was not young.),Would rather,?,I would rather you told her the truth.,?,Id rather you came tomorrow.,?,Id rather(that)he painted it blue.,?,I would(just)as soon,that John had not,spoken rudely to me.,It is(high)time that.,?,It is time we_(leave).,?,It is time we _(go)to bed.,?,Its high time that you were in bed.,?,Its about time we left.,Its important that.,?,It is important that we _(speak)politely.,?,It is imperative that we_(practice)criticism and,self-criticism,?,strange,advisable,anxious,crucial,appropriate,compulsory,desirable,eager,essential,fitting,imperative(,绝对必要的,),impossible,improper,natural,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,willing,I insist that,?,I insist that we _(go)there by bus.,?,He suggested that we _(leave)early.,?,The judge ordered that the prisoner _,(be)sentenced to 30 days in jail.,这些动词和名词后的从句为,should+V,?,advise(advice),agree(agreement),decide(decision),decree,demand,determine(determination),grant,indicate(indication),insist,move(insistence),order,request,require prefer(preference),urge,vote,ask,propose(proposal),(requirement),resolve(resolution),stipulate,desire,?,(stipulation),allow,arrange,beg,concede,demonstrate,ensure,pray,intend,move,pledge,command,My suggestion.,?,My suggestion is that we,should,tell,him.,?,Our only request is that this should be,settled as,soon as possible.,?,request command,necessity,importance,motion,proposal resolution,recommendation understanding,but for,otherwise,without,?,The storm delayed us.But for the storm we would,have been in time.,?,I used my calculator;otherwise Id have taken much,longer.,?,Supposing I accepted this offer,what would you say?,?,Without you timely help,my daughter would have,drowned.,情态动词,?,情态动词（,model verb,）用来表示能力、允许、,可能、必须、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。主要,的情态动词有,can,（,could,），,may,（,might,），,shall,（,should,），,will,（,would,），,must,，,ought to,，,need,，,dare,等。情态动词没有人称,和数的变化，其后常跟不带,to,的不定式。,1.,情态动词的一般用法：,?,(1),表示能力,:,can,could,be,able,to,?,He,is,over,80,but,still,can,read,without,glasses.,?,She,couldnt,come,yesterday.,?,He cant come tomorrow.,?,can/could,与,be,able,to,用法比较,?,1,）,be,able,to,除有一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时外，,还可有现在完成时、不定式、动词,-ing,形式等。,?,This,is,the,information,Ive,been,able,to,get,so,far.,?,To,be,able,to,ride,a,bike,she,practiced,a,lot.,?,Just being able to drive a horse,a cart isnt much help to us.,?,2)could,表示过去总的、经常性的能力；,was/were able to,表,示过去具体情况下具有的能力，并且做了某动作。,?,He could speak French,so he was able to show the French,lady the way.,?,3),表示将来的能力常用,will be able to.,?,When will you be able to take us to town?,(2),表示许可：,can/could,may/might;cant,may not,mustnt,must not,?,1),征询“许可”或给予“许可”可用,can/could,或,may/might,表示。,May,用于正式场合，,can,用于非正式场合，,could,用于客气的询问，,might,极少,用。,?,You,can,go,at,four,oclock,.,?,Could,I,borrow,your,pen?,?,Students,may,take,3,books,each.,?,Might,I,ask,whether,you,are,using,the,typewriter?,?,2),表示“不允许”用,cant,may,not,mustnt,；,must,not,语气重。,?,You,cant,leave,the,table,unless,you,finish,your,meal.,?,Put,that,cigarette,out.,You,must,not,smoke,near,a,petrol,pump!,?,3),表示过去“许可”不用,could,，,might,，要用其他表达方式。,?,We,had,been/were,given,permission,to,speak,to,the,patient.,?,但在间接引语中表达过去“许可”，可用,could,，,might,。,?,The nurse said that we could/might speak to the patient for just a few,minutes.,(3),表示可能性：,may/might,can/could,must;cant,?,1,）,may,might,用来推测现在“可能”；,may,比,might,表示的可能性大,些。,?,Why,isnt,John,in,class?,He,may/might,be,sick.,?,maybe,是副词，不是情态动词。,Maybe,he,is,sick.,?,2),在日常口语中常用,can/could,表示“可能”。,?,You,can/could,walk,for,miles,in,the,country,without,meeting,anyone.,?,Can,the,news,be,true?,No,it,cant,be,true.,?,3),must,表示可能性最大，“必定”；否定形式用,cant,表示“肯定,不”、“必定不会”。,?,You,must,be,hungry,after,a,long,walk.,?,The,phone,is,ringing,but,there,is,no,answer.,She,cant,be,at,home.,（,4,）表示必须和需要：,must,have to,need,?,1,）,must,表示说话人认为“必须”；否定回答时用,neednt,“,不必”。,?,You,must,be,here,at,nine,oclock,.,?,Must,you,go,soon?,No,I,neednt,go,yet.,?,2),have,to,表示他人或客观情况要求“必须”。,?,I,have,to,be,back,at,school,by,eight.,I,have,a,lot,of,work,to,do,tonight.,?,We,dont,have,to,wear,uniforms,in,school.,?,?,口语中常用,have,got,to,表示“必须”。,?,I,have,got,to,leave,now.,I,have,a,meeting,in,ten,minutes.,?,3),need,表示动作者“需要”、“有必要”，,用于否定句或疑问句；肯定回答用,must,，,否定回答用,neednt,。,?,Need,he,go,now?,Yes,he,must.,No,he,neednt,.,?,?,need,常用作实义动词。,?,You,need,to,learn,the,value,of,time.,?,You,didnt,need,to,tell,him,the,news.,?,Does,she,need,to,go?,?,（,5,）表示责任和劝告,:should,ought to,must,had better,?,1),用,should,和,ought,to,表示责任和劝告，后者的,语气重些,?,You,should/ought,to,do,as,you,are,told.,?,Such,things,shouldnt/ought,not,to,be,allowed.,?,2),有时也用,must,表示责任和劝告。,?,You,must,see,the,movie.,Its,wonderful.,?,3),口语中也常用,had,better,表示劝告，意为“最,好做,/,不做某事”。,?,You,had,better,take,care,of,yourself.,?,Youd,better,not,make,a,mistake,next,time.,?,Hadnt,you,better,see,who,is,at,the,door?,（,6,）表示建议：,shall,，,may/might as well,may/might just as,well,?,1),“shall,I/we,”,表示征求对方对建议的看法。,?,Shall,we,carry,the,boxes,into,the,house?,?,Lets,go,shall,we?,?,2),may/might,as,well,may/might,just,as,well,表示,推,荐,更,佳,方,案,，,建,议,另,一,种,做,法,，,意,为,“,倒,不,如,”,，“,不也一样吗？”。,?,We,may,as,well,stay,here,tonight.,?,You,might,just,as,well,tell,the,truth,.,(7),表示许诺：,shall,?,shall,用于第二、三人称，表示说话人的,许诺。,?,You,shall,have,your,money,back,next,week.,?,If he passes the exam,he shall have a,holiday.,(8),表示意愿：,shall,will/would,?,1),you/he/they,shall,表示说话人的强烈意愿，甚至,威胁。,?,You,shall,pay,for,this.,?,They,shall,do,what,I,tell,them,to,do.,?,?,在法律条文、规章制度中，,shall,表示“必须”。,?,Each,competitor,shall,wear,a,number.,?,2,),will/would,表示动作者愿意。,?,I,will,lend,you,the,book,if,you,need,it.,?,I,wont,do,it,again.,?,I,have,been,trying,to,open,the,door,but,the,key,wont,turn.,?,?,“will,you/would,you,”,在下列句中表示客气的建议、询,问。,?,Will,you,please,have,a,drink?,?,Would,you,please,pass,me,the,salt?,?,Would,you,like,a,cup,of,tea?,?,Would,you,mind,if,I,opened,the,window?,?,Would,you,mind,opening,the,window?,Would,you,mind,my,o