[英语四六级]大学英语写作.ppt

Essay Writing,1 An Introduction to Writing,Introduction,If you dont think clearly,you wont write clearly.Disciplined thinking is the key to effective writing.,Four steps,Discover a clearly stated point,or thesis.Provide logical,detailed support for your thesis.Organize and connect your supporting material.Revise and edit so that your sentences are effective and error-free.,An important difference between writing and talking,In writing,any idea you advance must be supported with specific reasons or details.,Point and support in a paragraph,No,thanks.Going to the movies is just too much of a hassle.Parking,people,everything.,The hazards of moviegoing,Although I love movies,Ive found that there are drawbacks to moviegoing.One problem is just the inconvenience of it all.To get to the theater,I have to drive for at least fifteen minutes,or more if traffic is bad.It can take forever to find a parking spot,and then I have to walk across a huge parking lot to the theater.There I encounter long lines,sold-out shows,and ever-increasing prices.And I hate sitting with my feet sticking to the floor because of other peoples spilled snacks.,Another problem is my lack of self-control at the theater.I often stuff myself with unhealthy calorie-laden snacks.My choices might include a bucket of popcorn,a box of Milk Duds,a giant soda,or all three.The worst problem is some of the other moviegoers.Kids run up and down the aisle.Teenagers laugh and shout at the screen.People of all ages drop soda cups and popcorn tubs,cough and burp,and talk to one another.All in all,I would rather stay home and wait to see the latest movie hits on cable TV in the comfort of my own living room.,An effective paragraphA point is advancedThat point is then supported,The evidence that supports the point in a paper often consists ofA series of reasons followed by examples and details that support the reasonsAnecdotes,personal experiences,facts,studies,statistics,and the opinions of experts.,Diagram of an essay,IntroductionOpening remarks to catch readers interestThesis statement central ideaPlan of development(optional)BodyTopic sentence 1(supporting point 2)+specific sentencesTopic sentence 2Conclusion Summary(optional)General closing remarks(or both),The writing process,Pre-writing,Task:Write about some annoyance in everyday lifeFree writingQuestioning(Why?When?Where?Who?)Why dont I like to go to a movie?When is going to the movies a problem?Where are problems with moviegoing?Who creates the problems?Making a list/brainstorming,4.Clustering/diagramming/mapping,Moviegoing,Might see oldboyfriend,Noisy people,Teenagers,Adults,Yelling,Telling plot,Coughing andsneezing,Too many people,Line at box office,Traffic getting to theater,5.Preparing a scratch outline 草拟提纲,Writing a first draft,RevisingRevising contentIs my paper unified?Do all my supporting paragraphs truly support and back up my thesis?Is my paper supported?Do I have specific evidence for each of the points?Is there plenty of specific evidence for each supporting point?Is my paper organized?Do I have an interesting introduction,a solid conclusion,and an accurate title?Do I have a clear method of organizing my paper?Do I use transitions and other connecting words?Revising sentences,Revising sentencesDo I use parallelism to balance my words and ideas?Do I have a consistent point of view?Do I use specific words?Do I use active verbs?Do I use words effectively by avoiding slang,cliches,pretentious language and wordiness?Do I vary my sentences?,3 The first and second steps,Step 1 Begin with a point,or thesisWrite statements,not announcementsI want to talk about the crime wave in our country.Avoid statements that are too broadMen and women are very differentAvoid statements that are too narrowMake sure statements develop only one ideaStudying with others has several benefits,but it also has drawbacks and can be difficult to schedule.,Step 2 Support the thesis with specific evidence,The importance of specific detailsDetails excite the readers interest.They make writing a pleasure to read,for we all enjoy learning particulars about people,places and things.Details serve to explain a writers points.They give the evidence needed for us to see and understand general ideas.,Vague support vs.specific support,Many people in the theater show themselves to be inconsiderate.They make noises and create disturbances at their seats.Included are people in every age group,from the young to the old.Some act as if they were at home in their own living room watching the TV set.,Little kids race up and down the aisles,usually in giggling packs.Teenagers try to impress their friends by talking back to the screen,whistling,and making what they consider to be hilarious noises.Adults act as if they were at home in their own living room and comment loudly on the ages of the stars or why movies arent as good anymore.,And people are often messy,so that youre constantly aware of all the food theyre eating.,And people of all ages crinkle(使变皱)candy wrappers,stick gum on their seats,and drop popcorn tubs or cups of crushed ice and soda on the floor.,People are also always moving around near your,creating a disturbance and interrupting your enjoyment of the movie.,They also cough and burp,squirm(来回扭动)endlessly in their seats,file out（鱼贯而出）for repeated trips to the rest rooms or concession stand,and elbow you out of the armrest on either side of your seat.,The third step,Organizing and connecting the specific evidence,Two common methods:Time order/chronological orderTo begin with,Next,Finally,Emphatic order/saving the best till lastFor one thing,In addition,Most important,Transitions,Transitional words Transitional sentences,Transitional words,Addition signals:One,first of all,second,the third reason,also,next,another,and,in addition,moreover,furthermore,finally,last of allTime signals:First,then,next,after,as,before,while,meanwhile,soon,now,during,finallySpace signals:Next to,across,on the opposite side,to the left,to the right,above,below,near,nearby,Transitional words,Change-of-direction signals:But,however,yet,in contrast,although,otherwise,still,on the contrary,on the other handIllustration signals:For example,for instance,specifically,as an illustration,once,such asConclusion signals:Therefore,consequently,thus,then,as a result,in summary,to conclude,last of all,finally,Transitional sentences,The most helpful values I learned from my parents are the importance of family support,of hard work,and of a good education.(thesis statement)First,my parents taught me that family members should stick together,especially in time of the trouble(First supporting paragraph)In addition to teaching me about the importance ofmy parents taught me the value ofAlong with the value ofmy parents emphasized the benefits of,Introductions,conclusions,and titles,IntroductionsAttracting the readers interestSupplying background informationPresenting a thesis statementIndicating a plan of development,Common methods of introduction,Begin with a broad,general statement of your topic and narrow it down to your thesis statement.Start with an idea or a situation that is opposite of the one you will develop.Explain the importance of your topic to the reader.Use an incident or a brief story.Ask one or more questions.Use a quotation.,General to narrowStarting with an oppositeStating importance of topicIncident or storyQuestionsQuotation,Examples,Bookstore shelves today are crammed with dozens of different diet books.The American public seems willing to try any sort of diet,especially the ones that promise instant,miraculous results.And authors are more than willing to invent new fad diets to cash in on this craze.Unfortunately,some of these fad diets are ineffective or even unsafe.One of the worst fad diets is the“Palm Beach”plan.It is impractical,doesnt achieve the results it claims,and is a sure route to poor nutrition.,general to narrow,Diseases like scarlet fever and whooping cough used to kill more young children than any other cause.Today,however,child mortality due to disease has been almost completely eliminated by medical science.Instead,car accidents are the number-one killer of our children.And most of the children fatally injured in car accidents were not protected by car seats,belts,or restraints of any kind.Several steps must be taken to reduce the serious dangers car accidents pose to our children.,Stating importance of topic,Concluding paragraph,Common methods of conclusionEnd with a summary and final thought.(most common)Include a thought-provoking question or short series of questions.Holidays,it is clear,are often not the fulfilling experience they are supposed to be.They can,in fact,be very stressful.But would we rather have a holiday-free calendar?,End with a prediction or recommendation.Disappointments are unwelcome,but regular,visitors in everyones life.We can feel depressed about them,or we can try to escape from them.The best thing,though,is to accept a disappointment and then try to use it somehow:Step over the unwelcome visitor and then get on with life.,The fourth step-Revising sentences,Strategies,Use parallelismUse a consistent point of viewUse specific wordsUse active verbsUse concise wordsVary your sentences,Use a consistent point of view,Consistency with verbsJean punched down the risen yeast dough in the bowl.Then she dumps it onto the floured worktable and kneaded it into a smooth,shiny ball.Consistency with pronounsOne of the fringe benefits of my job is that you can use a company credit card for gasoline.Though we like most of our neighbors,there are a few you cant get along with.,Use specific words,To be an effective writer,you must you specific words rather than general words.Specific words create pictures in the readers mind.They help capture interest and make your meaning clear.,She walked down the street.Animals came into the place.The man signed the paper.,Anne wandered slowly along Rogers Lane.Hungry lions padded silently into the sawdust-covered arena.The biology teacher hastily scribbled his name on the course withdrawal slip.,Use concise words,In Bens opinion,he thinks that cable television will change and alter our lives in the future.Ben thinks that cable television will change our lives.,wordy expressions reduced to single words,Vary your sentences,If every sentence follows the same pattern,writing may become monotonous to read.Four methods to make your simple sentences more sophisticatedAdd a second complete thoughtAdd a dependent thoughtBegin with a special opening word or phrasePlace adjective or verbs in a series,Begin with a special opening word or phrase,-ed wordConcerned about his sons fever,Paul called a doctor.-ing wordHumming softly,the woman browsed through the rack of dresses.-ly wordHesitantly,Sue approached the instructors desk.to word groupTo protect her hair,Eva uses the lowest setting on her blow dryer.prepositional phraseDuring the exam,drops of water fell from the ceiling.,Four bases for revising essays,UnitySupportCoherenceSentence skills,