写作篇 Chapter One Paragragh Writing.ppt

Progressive Writing,Part One Paragraph Writing,Chapter One The Paragraph,IV.Unity,V.Coherence,I.Introduction,II.The Two Parts of a Topic Sentence,III.The Concluding Sentence,I.Introduction,A paragraph is a basic unit of organization in writing,in which a group of related sentences develops one main idea.A paragraph may stand by itself.A paragraph may also be one part of a longer piece of writing such as an essay or a chapter of a book.,1.Pretest The model on page 2 contains all the elements of a good paragraph.Read it carefully two or three times,and try to answer the questions that follow at the end of the paragraph.,Topic sentence.(2)Concluding sentence.(3)Supporting sentences.(4)Transitional words.(5)One.,I.Introduction,The topic sentence,A concluding sentence,Three Parts of a Paragraph,Supporting sentences,states the main idea of the paragraph.,develop the topic sentence.,signals the end of the paragraph and leaves the reader with important points to remember,I.Introduction,In addition to the three structural parts of a paragraph,a good paragraph also has the elements of unity and coherence.,UNITY means that you discuss only one main idea in a paragraph.The main idea is stated in the topic sentence,and then each and every supporting sentence develops that idea.,I.Introduction,COHERENCE means that your paragraph is easy to read and understand because 1)your supporting sentences are in some kind of logical order and 2)your ideas are connected by the use of appropriate transition signals.,In summary,a well-written paragraph contains five elements:a topic sentence,supporting sentences,a concluding sentence,unity,and coherence.,I.Introduction,Please do the exercises on page 4.1.Read the following paragraph and answer questions.,(1)Topic sentence.(2)Concluding sentence.(3)Supporting sentences.(4)Transitional words.(5)One.,2.Rearrange the following sentences in their logical order to form a complete paragraph.C.E.A.D.B,I.Introduction,1.Pretest Read the sentences on page 5 and tell which can be used as a topic sentence.(2),(5),(8),(9),2.Three Important PointsEvery good paragraph has a topic sentence,which clearly states the topic and the controlling idea of the paragraph.It is usually(but not always)the first sentence in the paragraph.A topic sentence is the most important sentence in a paragraph.It briefly indicates what the paragraph is going to discuss.,I.Introduction,There are three important points to remember about a topic sentence.1.A topic sentence is a complete sentence.2.A topic sentence contains both a topic and a controlling idea.It names the topic and then limits the topic to a specific area to be discussed in the space of a single paragraph.3.A topic sentence is the most general statement in the paragraph because it gives only the main idea.It does not give any specific details.,I.Introduction,Position of Topic sentences,be the first sentense,Media Bias It is not possible for television news to be completely objective.For one thing,some judgment is required even to determine what the facts are.Reporters who are not eyewitnesses must draw conclusions from eyewitness accounts about what happened.Moreover,deciding what is newsworthy requires judgment.The limits of time make it necessary to select only what is most important to viewers.That selection process is inevitably affected by the preferences and biases of editors and producers.,topic sentence,Furthermore,television lends itself better to action scenes than to“talking heads,”so we are more likely to see a demonstrator who gets violent than the orderly problem solving discussion of a group of experts.,be the last sentense,Medical Miracles to ComeBy the year 2009,a vaccine against the common cold will have been developed.By the same year,the first human will have been successfully cloned.By the 2014,parents will be able to create designer children.Genetic therapy will be able to manipulate genes for,I.Introduction,abilities,intelligence,and hair,eye,and skin color.By2020,most diseases will be able to be diagnosed and treated at home,and by 2030,cancer and heart disease will have been wiped out.These are just a few examples of medical miracles that are expected in the next few decades.,I.Introduction,implied,The room is located on the third floor of the South Building.One third of its total floor space is taken up by a double bed.Facing it,in the corner behind the door,stands a cupboard loaded with pots,bowls,dishes,bottles,and bags of rice and flour.A desk completely fills the gap between the bed and the wall with the window.Behind the desk is a chair,the only one in the room;and it almost touches the boxes and trunks piled against the wall on the opposite side.,Though without a topic sentence,the paragraph is unified.,I.Introduction,EXERCISESRecognize the topic sentence in each of the following paragraph and arrange the sentences in their logical order.Paragraph 1:C(Topic sentence),A，D，BParagraph 2:B(Topic sentence),G，E，A，D，C，FParagraph 3:D(Topic sentence),B，E，A，F，CParagraph 4:B(Topic sentence),E，F，C，A，D，G,I.Introduction,II.The Two Parts of a Topic Sentence,Formation,Topic,to name the subject,or main idea,Controlling idea(s),to make a specific comment about the topic,which indicates what the rest of the paragraph will say about the topic,Convenience foods are easy to prepare.The native foods of Americas immigrant population are reflected in American cooking,topic,controlling idea,topic,II.The Two Parts of a Topic Sentence,EXERCISES1.Circle the topic and underline the controlling idea in each of the following sentences.Driving on freeways requires nerves of steel.(2)Driving on freeways requires an aggressive attitude.(3)The Caribbean island of Trinidad attracts tourists because of its calypso music.,II.The Two Parts of a Topic Sentence,(4)Spectacular beaches make Puerto Rico a tourist paradise.(5)Living in an American college dormitory can be a stressful experience for newly arrived international students.(6)Many religious rules developed from the health needs of ancient times.,II.The Two Parts of a Topic Sentence,Writing topic sentence,1.A topic sentence should be neither too general nor too specific.,Too general:American food is terrible.,Too specific:American food is tasteless and greasy because Americans use too many canned,frozen,and prepackaged foods and because everything is fried in oil or butter.,Good:American food is tasteless and greasy.,II.The Two Parts of a Topic Sentence,2.Do not include too many unrelated ideas in your topic sentence;if you do,your paragraph will not be unified.,Too many ideas:San Francisco is famous for its temperate climate,its many tourist attractions,and its cosmopolitan atmosphere.(The three parts of this controlling idea are too unrelated for a paragraph.They would require three separate paragraphs.),Good:San Francisco is famous for its cosmopolitan atmosphere.,II.The Two Parts of a Topic Sentence,Paragraph 1:American English takes in a lot of foreign words.Paragraph 2:The educational system in European universities is quite different from that in American universities.Paragraph 3:People usually use local materials available to build their homes.Paragraph 4:There are many similarities between doctors and teachers.,II.The Two Parts of a Topic Sentence,EXERCISES,Write good topic sentences for the following paragraphs in the spaces provided.Remember to include both a topic and a controlling idea.,III.The Concluding Sentence,It signals the end of the paragraph.It summarizes the main points of the paragraph.3.It gives a final comment on the topic and leaves the reader with the most important ideas to think about.Use the end-of-paragraph signal to introduce your concluding sentence.,A concluding sentence is not absolutely necessary;in fact,a concluding sentence is not customary for every paragraph in a multi-paragraph essay.However,for single paragraphs,especially long ones,a concluding sentence is helpful because,Synonyms,words that have the same basic meaning,do not always have the same emotional meaning.For example,the words stingy and frugal both mean“careful with money.”However,to call a person stingy is an insult,while the word frugal has a much more positive connotation.Similarly,a person wants to be slender but not skinny,and aggressive but not pushy.Therefore,you should be careful in choosing words because many so called synonyms are not really synonymous at all.,Model 1:The concluding sentence repeats the main idea of the topic sentence in different words.,Topic Sentence,Concluding Sentence,III.The Concluding Sentence,Model 2:the concluding sentence summarizes the two main points of the paragraph,Gold Gold,a precious metal,is prized for two important characteristics.First of all,gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion.Therefore,it is suitable for jewelry,coins,and ornamental purposes.Gold never needs to be polished and will remain beautiful forever.For example,a Macedonian coin remains as untarnished today as the day it was minted twenty-three centuries ago.Another important characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and science.For many years,it has been used,Topic Sentence,in hundreds of industrial applications.The most recent use of gold is in astronauts suits.Astronauts wear gold-plated heat shields for protection outside spaceships.In conclusion,gold is treasured not only for its beauty but also for its utility.,Concluding Sentence,III.The Concluding Sentence,EXERCISES2.Write concluding sentences for the following paragraphs by following the steps below.Paragraph 1:In summary,good manners in listening,such as attention,not being interruptive,and body language,can be as important in a conversation as speaking itself.Paragraph 2:Therefore,the corporate workers often get overworked and feel frustrated in dealing with the overwhelming messages made possible by the modern communication technology.,III.The Concluding Sentence,1.Pretest Read the following paragraphs and determine whether they are good paragraphs or not.Locate the topic sentence of each paragraph and find out the sentence(s)irrelevant to the topic,IV.Unity,Adventure travel is the hot trend in the tourism industry.Ordinary people are no longer content to spend their two weeks away from the office resting on a sunny beach in Hawaii.More and more often,they are choosing to spend their vacations rafting down wild rivers,hiking through steamy rain forests,climbing the worlds highest mountains,or traversing slippery glaciers.People of all ages are choosing educational study tours for their vacations.,IV.Unity,Daredevil sports are also becoming popular.Young people especially are increasingly willing to risk life and limb while mountain biking,backcountry snowboarding,or high-speed skateboarding.Soccer is also becoming popular in the United States,where it was not well known until recently.One of the riskiest new sports is skycurfing,in which people jump put of airplanes with graphite boards attached to their feet.Skysurfing rivals skydiving and bungee jumping for the amount of thrillsand risk.,IV.Unity,Unity means that only one main idea is discussed in a paragraph.For example,if your paragraph is about the advantages of owning a compact car,discuss only that.Do not discuss the disadvantages.Furthermore,it is a good idea for beginning academic writers to discuss only one advantage,such as gas economy,in each paragraph.If you begin to discuss another advantage,start a new paragraph.Sometimes it is possible to discuss two or even three aspects of the same idea in one paragraph if they are closely related to each other.,IV.Unity,2.Important Points of Unity,The second part of unity is that every supporting sentence must directly explain or prove the main idea that is stated in the topic sentence.Do not include any information that does not directly support the topic sentence.Sometimes students write supporting sentences that are“off the topic”.These are called irrelevant sentences.,IV.Unity,Study the three paragraphs that follow.All of them discuss the same topic.In your opinion,which paragraph has unity and which two do not?Which paragraph discusses more than one topic?Which paragraph has irrelevant sentences?,The HIV/AIDS epidemic is still growing explosively in most parts of the world.In Central and Eastern Europe,HIV is spreading rapidly in countries that had almost no cases a few years ago.In China,there were an estimated 10,000 HIV-infected persons at the end of 1993,and this total grew ten-fold,to 100,000,by the end of 1995.In the countries of sub-Saharan Africa,the HIV/AIDS epidemic rages on.In Kenya,Malawi,Rwanda,Tanzania,Uganda,Zambia,and Zimbabwe,10 percent of the women visiting postnatal clinics in urban areas are infected with HIV,and,IV.Unity,in some areas,the rate is 40 percent.Mothers can give the HIV virus to their children during pregnancy and childbirth or when breast-feeding.The virus is also transmitted through blood and blood products.For example,drug users who share needles may become infected.The main method of transmission is,of course,unprotected sex,which accounts for 75 to 85 percent of infections.,IV.Unity,The HIV/AIDS epidemic is still growing explosively in most parts of the world.In Central and Eastern Europe,HIV is spreading rapidly in countries that had almost no cases a few years ago.In China,there were an estimated 10,000 HIV-infected persons at the end of 1993,and this total grew ten-fold,to 100,000,by the end of 1995.In the countries of sub-Saharan Africa,the HIV/AIDS epidemic rages on.In Kenya,Malawi,Rwanda,Tanzania,Uganda,Zambia,and Zimbabwe,10 percent of the women visiting postnatal clinics in urban areas are infected with HIV,and in some areas,the rate is 40 percent.Around the world,HIV infection rates are skyrocketing among sex workers.,IV.Unity,In Nairobi,Kenya,80 percent of sex workers are infected,and in Vietnam,the rate of infection climbed from 9 percent to 38 percent between 1992 and 1995.These statistics illustrate with frightening clarity that HIV/AIDS is still a major health problem in most areas of the world.,The HIV/AIDS epidemic is still growing explosively in most parts of the world.In Central and Eastern Europe,HIV is spreading rapidly in countries that had almost no cases a few years ago.In China,there were an estimated 10,000 HIV-infected persons at the end of 1993,and this,IV.Unity,total grew ten-fold,to 100,000,by the end of 1995.There is evidence that in the United States,the United Kingdom,Australia,and New Zealand,HIV infection rates are declining,at least among males.This is a result of a combination of prevention methods.In the countries of sub-Saharan Africa,the HIV/AIDS epidemic rages on.In Kenya,Malawi,Rwanda,Tanzania,Uganda,Zambia,and Zimbabwe,10 percent of the women visiting postnatal clinics in urban areas are infected with HIV,and in some areas,the rate is 40 percent.Although there is no cure for HIV-AIDS,new medicines are available that prolong the lives