轮机英语基础语法.ppt

ENGLISH TRAINING COURSE FOR CHIEF ENGINEERS,上海海事大学李品友 主讲,PREFACE,1).The examination2).The contents of the course3).Names of engine parts,tools and marine oils,1).轮机英语课程考试简介,(1).轮机英语听力与会话评估项目,(2).轮机英语阅读与写作,轮机英语考试,评估,笔试,会话,短句,对话,翻译,关联题,选择题,听力,短文,朗读,叙述,问答,(1).轮机英语听力与会话评估项目,短句 10*2=20分对话 10*3=30分短文 4*5*2.5=50分,朗读 1*20=20分叙述 1*20=20分问答 10*6=60分,(2).轮机长英语大证考,单项选择题 76*1=76分阅读理解题 4*4*1.5=24分,2).轮机英语授课内容,第一部分：轮机英语基础词汇第二部分：轮机英语阅读第三部分：轮机英语书写,3).Names of Engine Parts,Tools and Marine Oils,(1).Main Engine(2).Auxiliary Machinery(3).Valves&Pumps(4).Tools&Meters(5).Marine Oils,(1).Main Engine,two-stroke marine diesel enginefour-stroke marine diesel enginelow speed diesel enginemedium speed diesel enginehigh speed diesel engine,Cylinder,cylinder headcylinder blockcylinder linercooling water spacecooling water jacket,Piston,piston crownpiston skirtpiston pinpiston ringpiston ring groovepiston cooling spacepiston rod,Cross-head,cross-head pincross-head bearingcross-head slipper(guide shoe)cross-head guide platetop(small)end bearing,Crankshaft,crankshaft bearingcrank pincrank journalcrank webcrankshaft deflectionbig(bottom)end bearing,Shafting,thrust shaftintermediate shafttail shaftthrust bearingthrust padstern tube bearing,Propeller,bossbladefixed pitch propeller(FPP)controllable pitch propeller(CPP),Fixed Parts,bed-plateframecrankcasecrankcase door tie-bolt(tie-rod,through bolt),Scavenging,uniflow scavengingcross scavengingloop scavengingscavenging port(inlet port)exhaust port(outlet port),Turbo-charging,exhaust gas turbochargerturbinecompressoremergency blowerconstant pressure systempulse system,Fuel oil system,double bottom tanksettling tankdaily service tankfuel pumpfuel injectorfuel injection cam,Lubricating oil system,sumpcylinder lubricatortelescopic pipeoil filterdrain tank,Cooling water system,opening cooling systemclosed cooling systemcentral cooling systemexpansion tank(head tank),Compressed air system,air compressorair bottle(receiver,reservoir)starting air valvestarting air distributorair coolerscavenging receiver,Control system,governorreversing devicereversing servomotorcontrol standcontrol roomUMS(Unattended Machinery Space),(2).Auxiliary Machinery,marine boilerrefrigerating plantsteering gearoil separatoranti-pollution equipmentdeck machinery,Marine boiler,donkey(auxiliary)boilerexhaust gas boilerwater tube boilerfire tube boilerfurnaceoil burner,Refrigerating plant,domestic refrigeratorrefrigerating compressorcondenserthermostatic expansion valveevaporatorrefrigerant,Refrigerating Plant,Theoretical cycle of refrigeration,Steering gear,electric-hydraulic steering gearfour-ram hydraulic steering gearstocktillerhunting gear,R,P,T,steering wheel,transmitter,receiver,hunting gear,floating lever,feed back,link with,pivot,cylinder,ram,rudder stock,valve block,tiller,cross-,head,cylinder,isolating valve,pump,motor,buffer spring,Oil separator,Purifierclarifierseparator bowlbowl discgravity discnomogram,Anti-pollution equipment,Incineratoroily water separatorcoarse separating compartmentoil collection spacefine separating compartmentcatch plate,Deck machinery,Cargo handling gear,cargo winch,deck cranewindlasscapstan,mooring winchhatch covergangway lifting gear,(3).Valves&Pumps,Safety valvepilot valvenon-return(check,one-way)valvestop(shut-off,cut off)valveby-pass valvechange-over valveover-flow valvemake-up valve,Pumps,Centrifugal pump Positive displacement pumpreciprocating pumprotary pumpejector pumpballast pumpbilge pumpsanitary pumpsewage pumptransfer pump,priming pump,booster pump,(4).Tools&Meters,Impact wrenchpipe wrenchengineer hammeradjustable spannerscrew driverbridge gaugefeelerelectrode welding machine,Meters,Micrometerthermometerpressure gaugesalinometerviscosimeterflow meteroil mist detectorindicatorpower meter,ammeter,volt meter,ohmmeter,(5).Marine Oils,marine diesel oilmarine fuel oilintermediate fuel oilcylinder oil(high alkalinity)engine(crankcase,system)oilhydraulic oilanti-rust emulsion oilgrease,Chapter 1 名词,1）名词的种类2）名词的数3）名词的格4）名词的性5）名词的用法,1）名词的种类,（1）专用名词（2）普通名词,（1）专用名词,第一个字母要大写。如：the P.R.of ChinaNew YorkCOSCOPICCIMO,（2）普通名词,个体名词，如：seaman,engineer,pump集体名词，如：people,crew,government物质名词，如：oil,water,gas,air,grease抽象名词，如：labour,work,reliability,2）名词的数,engines,shafts,coolers,tankers,hoses,gases,boxes,fizzes,wrenches,bushes,cargoes,knives,shelves,.cities,auxiliaries,.Seamen,feet,teeth,axes,data,.,3）名词的格,（1）主格（2）宾格（3）所有格,（1）主格,词形不变。,（2）宾格,词形不变。,（3）所有格,engineers handbook,seamens club,tomorrows machine,five miles distance,Chinas foreign trade,the earths surface,ABC of science,a revolution of the crankshaft,the factory of the university,.,4）名词的性,gentleman,master,steward,sun,lady,stewardess,moon,earth,country,ship,.Spanner,engine,fan,.,5）名词的用法,(1).作主语(2).作表语(3).作宾语(4).作定语(5).作状语,(1).作主语,The usual coolant used is fresh water.Lubricating oil of the low pressure system supplies the main and other bearings.The turbocharger runs with a terrible noise.,(2).作表语,Freon12 is normally a gas when at atmospheric pressure and temperature.The main bearing is an interchangeable precision bearing.Refrigeration is the process of lowing the temperature of a substance below that of its surrounding atmosphere.,(3).作宾语,Clean the inner part of the cooler with chemical compound.Test the refrigerating system for leakage.Tighten hand wheel screw before starting.,(4).作定语,The ships crew are all on board.The shaft power required is 4.5 kw.fuel oil filter,crank shaft,cylinder liner,piston ring,oil separator,.,(5).作状语,Wait a moment,please.It is two feet long,three meters high and four inches thick.The pump weighs 50 kilograms.,Chapter 2 冠词,1).不定冠词 a2).不定冠词 an3).定冠词 the,1).不定冠词 a,a seaman,a motorman,a university,The protection devices should be tested twice a year.,2).不定冠词 an,an engineer,an angle,an hour,The ship sails 15 miles an hour.,3).定冠词 the,This is the workshop where various tools and equipment for repair work are kept.Please show me the Classification Certificate and the dockyard report.There is a man in the engine room.The man is our chief engineer.There is only one China in the world,that is the P.R.Of China.Taiwan is the largest island in China.,a,an,the or/?,In _ suction stroke _air is sucked into _ cylinder through _ inlet valve.In _ compression stroke _ air is compressed.,Chapter 3 代词,1）人称代词2）物主代词3）自身代词4）相互代词5）指示代词,6）疑问代词7）连接代词8）关系代词9）不定代词,1）人称代词,The ship entered the harbour._was brought to anchor.Will _please show me your fuel oil specification?Fill the requisition and then sign _.Could you show _ the certificate of the refrigerating sets?-Who is the engineer on duty?-Its _.,It 的用法,It is stormy today.It is twelve oclock.It is five miles only.It is all settled now.,It 的用法,It is recommended to the service personal to read this manual through carefully and to follow the instruction s given.We considered it necessary that the oil separator should be examined immediately.,2）物主代词,_(他的）tool is on the bench._(我的）is in the locker.I didnt use _(我的）steel measuring tape.I used _(你的）.That multi-purpose wrench of _(你的)is quite easy to use.These tools are _(他们的）._(你们的）are over there.,3）自身代词,I cant express _ in English.When the pressure of lubricating oil has dropped down to a value less than rated,the engine stops by _.The governor is driven by the engine _.We built the 25,000 t ocean-going cargo ship _.,4）相互代词,Lubricating oil is used for reducing the friction between two metal surfaces rubbing against _.The seamen help _ in carrying out the task.We should point out _ mistakes and have a concern for _work.,5）指示代词,What I want is _(这个),not _(那个).In making turbine blades,the workers prefer _(这些)metals to(那些).The boiling point of water on the centigrade scale is 100and that on the Fahrenheit is taken as 212.,6）疑问代词,_ is the heat engine?_is on duty?_tool is it on the bench?_metal is heavier,copper or aluminium?,7）连接代词,This is what we want.We must do what the chief engineer tells us to do.Whatever we do is to build our country.The renewal of the lubricating oil filter element should be done whenever a figure of 0.7 bars is shown on the differential pressure gauge.,8）关系代词,This is the new tool that I refer to.Fuel is directly injected into the combustion chamber which is on the top of the piston.Such instruments as thermometers and pressure gauges can be found in any engine room.Another word which means practically the same as unit is assembly.,9）不定代词,-Is there any fuel in the tank?-Yes,there is some.If there is any difficulty in supply these spare parts,please let me know as soon as possible.Do you need any English reference books?,9）不定代词,Many of the ships have UMS now.There is too much water in the fuel.It is not up to the specification.There is little fuel left in the tank.There is still a few steam pumps in the engine room.,9）不定代词,A great many of machines were installed in the engine room.There is a great deal of fuel in the tank.On the flat upper surface of the bed-plate are arranged a number of A-shaped frames which may be manufactured of cast iron or fabricated steel.,9）不定代词,There are four generators in the engine room.One of them is diesel-driven,the others are turbo-driven.Give me another wrench,please.One must try to do ones best.These new refrigerators are much better than the old ones.,9）不定代词,Neither of the two ships has arrived.No ships have left the port yet.None of the fishing boats are at the port.,Chapter 4 数词,one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,first,second,third,fourth,fifth,sixth,seventh,eighth,ninth,tenthone-third,two-thirds,three-fourths,four quarters,.,数词前介词的用法,in 1949in Oct.,1949on Oct.1,1949at 2 PM at 110 RPMat 16 Knotsat a temperature of 60Cat an angle of 20,Chapter 5 形容词,1）形容词的用法2）形容词的级,1）形容词的用法,Stainless steel is valuable in the shipbuilding.Marine diesel engine Model 6250 is compact in construction,simple in assembly,easy in maintenance,durable in service and economical in fuel consumption.Keep the engine clean.If dirt has entered into an oil pipe,this may cause the latter to become clogged.,2）形容词的级,（1）变化规则（2）各级的用法,（1）变化规则,small-smaller-smallest,dense-denser-densest big-bigger-biggest,early-earlier-earliestimportant-more important-most important,difficult-more difficult-most difficult,good-better-best,many(much)-more-most,little-less-least,far-farther-farthest,.,（2）各级的用法,The temperature of explosion in marine diesel engine is as high as 1200C.In a given period of time,the new machine produces twice as much as the old one.Aluminium and copper are not so hard as cast iron.,（2）各级的用法,The power of this engine is larger than that.The thermal and mechanical efficiencies of the four-stroke engine are slightly better than those of the two-stroke engine.The temperature of the lube oil in the filter is not to be higher than 130F.,（2）各级的用法,This is the biggest turbo-generator ever manufactured in China.The simplest method for refrigerating cargo is the use of ice.The main bearing is a most important bearing.,（2）各级的用法,The larger the cylinder bore,the greater its output.The fewer the cylinders and the larger they are,the greater will be the vibration from this source.The higher the temperature of the cooling medium in the piston,the lower is the temperature range in the metal and consequently the smaller the heat stress.,Chapter 6 副词,1）副词的构成2）副词的种类3）副词的用法4）副词的级,1）副词的构成,early,late,far,high,fast,long,hardly,quickly,partly,slowly,always,often,seldom,sometimes,almost,.,2）副词的种类,always,usually,frequently,often,sometimes occasionally,seldom,never,above,below,down,up,inside,outside,.Almost,enough,extremely,rather,slightly,.Carefully,normally,properly,respectively,.When,where,how,why,also,certainly,obviously,only,.,3）副词的用法,Where the pump will be installed has not yet been decided.The motormen are out.Some of the pumps here were manufactured in the factory of our country.First of all,we must make the best use of our present equipment.,4）副词的级,Vital parts of the engine should be examined as frequently as it is practicable.The auxiliary engine runs faster than the main engine does.Gold and silver are the least urgently needed in engineering industry.The larger the rudder,the faster the ship will turn.,Chapter 7 介词,1）介词的种类2）介词的用法,1）介词的种类,in,on,at,to,from,of,with,by,since,after,.out of,throughout,towards,within,without,according to,as to,because of,due to,owing to,except for,in addition to,by means of,in case of,instead of,up to,regarding,including,considering,.,2）介词的用法,Marine diesel engine Model 6250 is of vertical,4-stroke,direct injection,low-supercharged,water-cooled,medium speed type.Keep the temperature and color of the exhaust gases in normal condition.That machine was found out of spare parts.,2）介词的用法,The service power of the main engine at 105 rpm is 12,000 b.h.p.Fuel oil is pumped by means of a transfer pump from the bunker tanks to the settling tanks,and from there is usually led to the fuel oil separator which discharges to one of the daily service tank.,Chapter 8 连词,1）连词的种类2）连词的用法,1）连词的种类,and,but,while,or,nor,both/and,either/or,neither/nor,not only/but also,that,whether,as far as,as if,as long as,hardly/when,no sooner/than,so that,addition that,as a result that,considering that,seeing that,.,2）连词的用法,The function of a lubricating oil is not only to lubricate the running surfaces,but also to carry away a great deal of heat.Dont smoke or use naked lights when inspecting crankcase.Only the firing stroke provides the power to drive the ship,while the other three strokes require power from the remaining cylinders to perform their various duties.,2）连词的用法,A keen sense of hearing obtained from practice is important,for the engine operators depend on their ears to detect abnormal happenings in the running gear.Each cylinder of the diesel engine is independent,therefore it is much easier to cut out one or more cylinders in the event of partial breakdown.,Chapter 9 动词,1）动词的种类2）动词的基本形式3）动词的用法4）主、谓语一致问题,1）动词的种类,（1）实义动词（2）系动词（3）助动词（4）情态动词,（1）实义动词,及物动词：要求接宾语，如：raise,retain.不及物动词：不要求接宾语，如：rise,remain.eg1:We raise the temperature.eg2:The temperature rises up to 60C.,（2）系动词,be,appear,feel,look,seem,become,get,remain,turn,grow,eg1:It seems to be all right.eg2:The scavenging ports remain opened.,（3）助动词,be,have,shall(will),do,eg1:He has finished cleaning.eg2:The pump is being adjusted by the motorman.eg3:I do hope so.,（4）情态动词,can,may,must,could,might,need,eg1:A marine diesel engine can be divided into two parts:the moving parts and the fixed parts.eg2:The fresh water generator must not be used in water containing weed or other impurities.A 20 miles limit from any coast must be observed.,2）动词的基本形式,（1）现在式（2）过去式和过去分词（3）现在分词,（1）现在式,动词原形。主语是第三人称单数时，现在式要作相应变化。,（2）过去式和过去分词,check-checked-checked,change-changed-changed,try-tried-tried,stop-stopped-stopped,grind-ground-ground,shrink-shrunk-shrunk wear-wore-worn,rise-rose-risen,.,（3）现在分词,working,using,lying,lying,beginning,stopping,注意！lie-lied-lied-lying lie-lay-laid-lying lay-laid-laid-laying,3）动词的用法,H e always reads the instruction book.He is reading the instruction book now.His task is reading the instruc