300MW火力发电机组汽轮机运行规程.doc

贵州鸭溪金元发电运营有限公司企业标准QB/SC 001-2009汽轮机运行规程2009年12月 发布 2009年12月 实施贵州鸭溪金元发电运营有限公司 发布前 言本汽轮机运行规程根据电力工业技术法规、300MW机组典型规程、300MW汽轮机运行导则、和压力容器检验规程及“设计院图纸资料”、“二十五条反措”、“设备厂家说明书”，并参照安顺发电厂、山西阳泉发电厂、黔北发电总厂、纳雍发电总厂等同类型机组运行规程编写；由于修改时间仓促，运行经验有限，有关资料不够齐全，请大家在生产中不断总结经验，提出宝贵修改意见，使其不断完善，以满足汽轮机运行的需要；本规程在执行过程中如发现与电力行业技术法规相抵触时，按电力法规执行；下列人员应熟悉掌握本规程的全部或部分内容：值长、单元长、班长、副操、巡操员及其他运行人员；厂部有关领导、各科室及分场有关领导和检修及维护人员；本规程由生产运行部提出并归口管理；本规程由生产运行部负责起草及修编；本规程由生产运行部负责解释。本规程编写人：谢星光 郑启蒙 刘 睿本规程修编人：刘 睿本规程初审人：李东林 王 进本规程审定人：张学刚本规程批准人：葛斌峰 贵州省鸭溪发电厂 2009年12月初目 录第一篇 主机部分：第一章 汽轮机设备性能及技术规范······················································01第一节 汽轮机设备性能介绍····························································01第二节 汽轮发电机设备规范····························································04第二章 汽轮机保护设置································································06第一节 跳闸保护设置··································································06第二节 汽轮机组保护简介······························································07第三节 汽轮机组试验··································································10第三章 汽轮机启动····································································17第一节 汽轮机启动通则································································17第二节 一、二号机冷态启动（高中压缸联合启动HIP）········································19第三节 三、四号机冷态启动（高中压缸联合启动HIP）········································25第四节 机组温态、热态、极热态启动·····················································29第五节 汽轮机正常运行维护····························································30第四章 汽轮机组的停运································································33第一节 机组的停运通则································································33第二节 一、二号机滑参数停机···························································34第三节 三、四号机滑参数停机···························································35第四节 额定参数停机··································································37第五节 停机后的维护与保养····························································37第二篇 辅机部分：第五章 辅机运行通则··································································39第六章 冷却水系统····································································40第一节 循环水系统····································································40第二节 胶球清洗系统··································································43第三节 开、闭式循环冷却水系统·························································45目 录第七章 抽汽、加热系统·································································47第一节 高压加热器····································································47第二节 低压加热器····································································50第三节 除氧器········································································51第四节 辅汽系统······································································53第八章 凝结水系统····································································54第九章 给水系统······································································58第一节 电动给水泵····································································58第二节 汽动给水泵····································································62第十章 油系统········································································68第一节 一、二号机润滑油系统···························································68第二节 三、四号机润滑油系统···························································72第三节 抗燃油系统····································································77第十一章 发电机氢、油、水系统··························································80第一节 密封油系统····································································80第二节 氢气系统······································································89第三节 定子冷却水系统·······························································100第十二章 真空系统···································································103第一节 真空泵·······································································103第二节 汽轮机轴封系统·······························································104第十三章 高、低压旁路······························································106第十四章 快冷装置运行······························································107第十五章 补水泵运行方式及设备性能···················································109第一节 补水泵运行方式·······························································109第二节 补水泵系统简介·······························································110第三篇 汽轮机事故处理：第十六章 事故处理原则·······························································117目 录第十七章 主机事故处理·······························································117第一节 紧急停机·····································································117第二节 主机典型事故预防及处理·······················································119第十八章 辅机典型事故及处理·························································135第一节 辅机事故及处理·······························································135第二节 补水泵的事故处理·····························································145附录:附录A 饱和水与饱和水蒸汽温度对照表··················································148附录B 原始资料统计··································································149附录C 热力特性计算1································································151附录D 热力特性计算2·································································152附录E 热力特性计算3·································································153附录F 一、二号机冷态高中压缸联合启动曲线·············································154附录G 一、二号机温态高中压缸联合启动曲线·············································155附录H 一、二号机热态高中压缸联合启动曲线·············································156附录I 一、二号机极热态高中压缸联合启动曲线···········································157附录J 三、四号机转速保持推荐值·······················································158附录K 三、四号机冷态启动转子加热曲线···············································159附录L 三、四号机启动时主蒸汽曲线···················································160附录M 三、四号机热态启动推荐值冲转和带最低负荷曲线·······························161附录N 三、四号机典型高压缸冷却曲线···················································162附录O 机组典型惰走曲线······························································163附录P 破坏真空紧急停机曲线·························································164附录Q 通流间隙最小值及推力间隙值（第一次大修后数据）··································165第一篇 主机部分第一章 汽轮机设备性能及技术规范第一节 汽轮机设备性能介绍1 汽轮机结构特点：1.1 一、二号机结构特点：我厂一、二号机是东方汽轮机厂生产的亚临界、一次中间再热，单轴、两缸两排汽凝汽式汽轮机，高、中压部分采用合缸，高压缸双层结构，高中压进汽布置在高中压缸中部；低压缸两排汽对称分流。汽轮发电机共6个支持轴承：汽轮机高、中压和低压转子由#14轴承支持，其中#1、2瓦为非对称可倾五瓦块轴承，#3、4轴承为带球面轴瓦套的椭圆轴承，#36轴承下瓦设有顶轴油孔。推力轴承为活支可倾瓦块，布置在#2轴承箱内，正常运行时，承受向后轴向推力，特殊情况可能出现瞬间反推力。盘车装置安装在盘车箱盖上，盘车转速4.29r/min，汽轮机冲转后，转速大于盘车转速，盘车装置自动脱扣退出运行。高压内缸相对于高压外缸的死点在高压进汽中心线前475mm处，低压内缸相对于低压外缸的死点，设在低压进汽中心线处，高低压内缸分别由死点向前后两个方向膨胀。汽轮机静止部分相对于基础有2个绝对死点，1个在中低压轴承箱基架上#2轴承中心线后205mm处，另一个在低压缸左右两侧基架上，低压进汽中心线前360mm处。机组启动时，高中压缸、前轴承箱向前膨胀，低压缸向前、后两个方向膨胀。转子相对于汽缸的相对死点在中低压轴承箱内推力轴承处，机组启动时，转子由此处向前后膨胀。图1 一、二号机膨胀方向及死点1.2 三、四号机结构特点：我厂三、四号机是哈尔滨汽轮机厂生产的亚临界，一次中间再热，单轴，两缸两排汽凝汽式汽轮机，汽缸采用多层缸结构，其通流部分轴向间隙大，径向间隙小，具有较好的热负荷适应性，高、中压进汽布置在高、中压缸中部，低压缸两排汽对称分流，低压外缸为了减少温度梯度设计成3层缸。由外缸、1号内缸、2号内缸组成，减少了整个缸的绝对膨胀量。汽轮机高中压和低压转子由#14轴承支持，其中高、中压转子的径向轴承采用四块可倾瓦轴承，有自动对中能力，稳定性好；#3轴承选用复合轴承，它由两块可倾瓦及一块半圆形瓦块组成，自位性能好，能承受较大负载，运行稳定。#4轴承选用三垫块式短圆瓦轴承，具有较高的稳定性。机组推力轴承位于前轴承箱内，推力盘的两侧各安装六块可滑动的推力瓦块，推力瓦通过背面的调整块的摇摆运动，使同侧的各瓦块承载均匀。本机组装备有冷却蒸汽系统，用以降低再热蒸汽包围的中压缸进汽口处的叶片根部和转子的温度，以此改善受影响区域的叶根和转子的蠕变强度，并减少转子弯曲的可能性：调节级后的蒸汽一股通过调节级叶轮根部的平衡孔反向流动，冷却高压转子及蒸汽室，另一股经过高压平衡环的汽封漏向高压外缸和高压内缸的夹层，冷却高压内缸外壁及高压进汽部分，然后经过冷却蒸汽管流入二段抽汽逆止门前，还有一股经中压进汽平衡环汽封漏入中压一级，冷却中压进汽部分转子。中压外缸与中压内缸的夹层中有来自中压第五级后的冷却蒸汽冷却中压内缸外壁和外缸内壁。图2 三、四号机高、中压内、外缸冷却蒸汽系统图盘车为链条、涡轮蜗杆、齿轮复合减速，摆轮啮合的低速盘车装置，安装在四号轴承处，盘车转速3.6r/min，汽轮机冲转后，转速大于盘车转速，盘车装置自动脱扣退出运行。机组膨胀的绝对死点位于低压缸的中心，由预埋在基础中的两块横向键和两块轴向键构成，限制了低压缸的中心移动；机组膨胀的相对死点位于整个机组轴系的轴向位置，由高、中压转子上的推力盘定位，机组定子部件膨胀和收缩时，前箱也发生相应的轴向移动，推力轴承即轴系的定位点也随之移动，此点为机组的相对死点。图3 三、四号机膨胀方向及死点1.3 热力系统：一、二号机从锅炉出口的过热蒸汽进入高压主汽调节阀，然后分别由四根高压主汽导管送入高压缸向机头流动作功。作功后的高压排汽通过一只高排逆止阀从再热冷段进入锅炉再热器，再热蒸汽由左右侧中压联合汽阀导入中压缸，向机尾流动作功，中压排汽用一根导汽管引入低压缸中部对称分流作功后排汽进入凝汽器。三、四号机锅炉出口的器蒸汽从下部进入两个高压主汽阀，再由六个调节阀（每边三个）经六根高压挠性导汽管，按一定的顺序从高中压外缸的上半和下半通过钟形套筒分别进入高压缸的六个喷嘴室，通过各自的喷嘴组流向正向的调节级。然后汽流折回180°经过高压缸作功，作功后的高压排汽通过一只高排逆止阀从再热冷段进入锅炉再热器。再热蒸汽由汽轮机机头两侧的两个中压再热主汽调节联合阀，经过两根中压导汽管从下部导入中压缸作功后，从中压缸上部排汽口经过一根中低压联通管进入低压缸，蒸汽进入低压缸中部对称分流作功后排汽进入凝汽器。一至四号机配有2×50容量小汽轮机作功后的蒸汽排入主机凝汽器。机组回热循环系统设三台高压加热器、四台低压加热器（表面式）一台无头式除氧器（压力式），共八段非调整抽汽。一至四号机汽封采用自密封系统(SSR)，正常运行时，高、中压缸的汽封漏汽作为低压轴封的供汽，一、二号机多余蒸汽溢流到八号低加或凝汽器，三、四号机多余蒸汽溢流到八号低加或凝汽器，启动或低负荷时由中压辅助联箱汽源供汽。1.4 配汽和运行方式本机组控制系统具有阀门管理功能，能实现两种进汽方式：全周进汽和部分进汽，即顺序阀和单阀控制，机组稳定运行中可以进行两种方式的无扰切换，机组启动时采用单阀方式（全周进汽），达到目标负荷且温度基本稳定后可切换到顺序阀方式（部分进汽），一般高负荷时采用顺序阀方式，低负荷时采用单阀方式，以提高机组运行的经济性，如果负荷变动频繁且变动率较大时，应采用单阀方式。当机组为顺阀运行时，阀门开启顺序分别为：一、二号机组为CV1-1，CV2-1，CV3-2，CV4-3（后面数字为开启顺序），三、四号机组为：CV4-1，CV5-1，CV6-2，CV3-3，CV2-4，CV1-5（后面数字为开启顺序），其阀门关闭顺序相反。一、二号机高压缸设有两个自动主汽阀、四个调节阀，对应于四组喷嘴，四组喷嘴汽道数均为37（如图4所示）。图4 一、二号机调门分配示意图三、四号机高压缸设有两个自动主汽阀、六个调节阀，对应于六组喷嘴，六组喷嘴汽道总数为54，有效汽道总数为：48。（如图5所示）图5 三、四号机调门分配示意图一至四号机中压缸都设有两个中压联合汽阀，均采用全周进汽，流量在30以下时，中压调节门参与调节，流量大于30时调节阀保持全开，仅由高压调节阀调节。机组运行方式有定压和定滑定两种方式，调峰运行中可采用定滑定运行方式，机组带90ECR负荷以上及40ECR以下负荷时采用定压运行，机组在9040ECR负荷时采用滑压运行。1.5 其它：机组在30年使用期间，带厂用电运行不允许超过10次，每次不允许超过15分钟，机组甩负荷后空负荷运行每次不允许超过15分钟。第二节 汽轮发电机设备规范1 汽轮发电机设计参数：表1 汽轮机主要设计参数：序号项 目单 位一、二号机三、四号机1额定功率MW3003002最大连续功率MW3203143阀门全开功率（最大功率）MW3333354额定转速r/min300030005自动主汽门前蒸汽压力MPa16.716.676自动主汽门前蒸汽温度5375377中压联合汽门前蒸汽压力MPa3.1813.2438中压联合汽门前蒸汽温度5375379高压缸排汽压力MPa3.533.5610低压缸排汽压力（背压）KPa5.84.911循环进水温度222212额定主蒸汽流量t/h899.6894.9913阀门全开时最大主蒸汽流量t/h1025102514保证热耗率（THA）kJ/(kW·h)78917833.715保证汽耗率（THA）kg/(kW·h)2.9982.98216机组达到额定功率时必须满足的条件：1) 主蒸汽压力MPa16.7±0.4916.7±0.492) 主蒸汽温度537±5537±53) 再热蒸汽温度537±5537±54) 循环冷却水温度33335) 循环冷却水流量t/h31840318406) 高、低压加热器随机启停随机启停7）汽轮机定压运行负荷变化率MW/min998）汽轮机滑压运行负荷变化率MW/min151517汽轮机允许最小稳定负荷MW30ECR30ECR18控制系统速度变动率3319控制系统迟缓率0.060.06注：额定工况（THA）（turbine heat acceptance）：指在额定进汽参数和额定背压下，补给水率为零，发电机出线端发出额定功率的工况，即汽轮机热耗考核工况； 能力工况(TRL)（turbine rated load）：指在额定进汽参数下，夏季最高背压时，补给水率为3时，发电机出线端发出额定功率的工况；最大连续功率（TMCR）(turbine maximum continue rate)：指在额定进汽参数下，背压为设计背压，补给水率为0时，汽轮机进汽量与TRL的蒸汽流量相同时，发电机端输出的电功率；阀门全开功率（VWO）（valve wide open）：指在额定进汽参数下，背压为设计背压，补给水率为0时，汽轮机进汽量为调节阀全开时，发电机端输出的电功率。表2 汽轮发电机组轴系临界转速：机组号轴系名称单 位高、中压转子低压转子发电机转子一、二号机第一临界转速r/min175016881370第二临界转速r/min36543517三、四号机第一临界转速r/min171116261313第二临界转速r/min3463表3 汽轮机规范：项目一、二号机三、四号机汽轮机型号N300-16.7/537/537-8N300-16.7/537/537-2汽轮机型式亚临界、一次中间再热、两缸两排汽、凝汽式汽轮机额定功率300MW主蒸汽压力16.7MPa主蒸汽温度537再热蒸汽温度537排汽压力5.8 kPa（设计冷却水温22）5.5 kPa（设计冷却水温22）转子旋转方向从汽机向发电机方向看为顺时针方向制造厂家东方汽轮机厂哈尔滨汽轮机厂当地平均大气压力90.76kPa表4 汽轮机主要特征数据：序 号类 别项 目主要特征数据或介绍一、二号机三、四号机1通流级数总通流级数27级36级高压缸通流级数1个调节级 + 8个压力级1个调节级 +12个压力级中压缸通流级数6个压力级9个压力级低压缸通流级数2×6个压力级2×7个压力级2末级动叶片长度851mm900mm末级叶片环形排汽面积2×6.69m2表5 汽轮机各段抽汽控制参数：抽汽段号12345678加热器JG1JG2JG3CYJD5JD6JD7JD8一、二号机抽汽点(第几级后)69121516/2217/2318/2419/25抽汽压力(MPa)5.7743.5431.6560.80.4680.260.1370.063抽汽压损()55566655抽汽温度()383318.4439.1337.1272.3205.5140.387.3抽汽量(t/h)64.0867.34735.96921.01626.12124.00824.4749.992三、四号机抽汽点(第几级后)913182224/3125/3327/3428/35抽汽压力(MPa)6.143.761.730.860.3570.1350.0650.0263抽汽压损()33555555抽汽温度()386.8319.5434.2336.7229.8131.088.166.1抽汽量(t/h)71.9968.434.0640.6239.4426.426.3815.06第二章 汽轮机保护设置第一节 跳闸保护设置1 汽轮机跳闸保护：汽轮机跳闸保护在EST柜上共有十个投切开关：1、超速保护；2、轴向位移；3、胀差；4、振动；5、抗燃油压；6、润滑油压；7、低真空；8、锅炉故障；9、发变组故障；10、DEH故障。汽轮机跳闸信号取至主汽门关闭信号，其信号由同侧一高、一中主汽门关闭相与发信。2 一、二号机跳闸保护简介：2.1 下列任一条件满足，TSI发信，ETS保护动作，通过DEH动作跳闸继电器，汽轮机跳闸，联跳发电机，额定负荷30联跳锅炉：2.1.1 汽轮机转速大于3300r/min；2.1.2 轴向位移大于+1.2mm或-1.65mm；2.1.3 汽轮机胀差大:高中压胀差+7或-4mm，低压胀差+15mm；2.1.4 任一轴振X(Y)向振动大于0.25mm与本道轴承瓦振大于0.08mm相与；2.2 下列任一条件满足，由就地保护开关直接发信，ETS保护动作，通过DEH动作跳闸继电器，汽轮机跳闸，联跳发电机，额定负荷30联跳锅炉：2.2.1 抗燃油压低于7.8MPa；2.2.2 汽轮机润滑油压力低于0.06MPa；2.2.3 凝汽器真空低于-72.0KPa； 2.2.4 手动停机(集控双按钮，两者相与)；2.3 下列任一条件满足，分别由锅炉、电气或DEH系统信号发信，ETS保护动作，通过DEH动作跳闸继电器，汽轮机跳闸:2.3.1 锅炉故障，其有以下信号：2.3.1.1 机组主汽温度低430；2.3.1.2 锅炉汽包水位高；2.3.2 发变组故障，信号来自发变组保护装置；2.3.3 DEH故障，其有以下信号：2.3.3.1 汽轮机转速大于3300r/min(三取二)；2.3.3.2 发电机出口开关未合闸时发生转速信号故障（三取二）；2.3.3.3 机组挂闸，汽轮机无运行指令,进行阀门静态整定时，机组转速大于 100r/min。2.4 发电机断水保护：当发电机定子冷却水进水流量35t/h时延时30s，关高、中压主汽门、调门，通过程序跳闸逆功率跳发电机。3 三、四号机跳闸保护简介：3.1 下列任一条件满足，TSI发信，ETS保护动作，通过DEH动作继电器动作，汽轮机跳闸，联跳发电机，额定负荷30联跳锅炉：1.1.1 汽轮机转速大于3300r/min；1.1.2 轴向位移大±1.0mm；1.1.3 汽轮机胀差大于16.45mm或小于-1.50mm1.1.4 任一轴振X(Y)向振动大于0.254mm与相邻轴承轴振大于0.125mm相与；（注：09年1月份更改）3.2 下列任一条件满足，由就地保护直接发信，ETS保护动作，通过DEH动作继电器动作，汽轮机跳闸，联跳发电机，额定负荷>30联跳锅炉：3.2.1 抗燃油压低于7.8 MPa；3.2.2 汽轮机润滑油压力低于0.06 MPa；3.2.3 凝汽器真空低于-72.0 KPa； 3.2.4 手动停机(集控双按钮，两者相与)；3.3 下列任一条件满足，分别由锅炉、电气、DEH系统信号发信，ETS保护动作，通过DEH动作继电器动作，汽轮机跳闸：3.3.1 锅炉故障，其有以下信号：3.3.1.1 机组主汽温度低430；3.3.1.2 锅炉汽包水位高；3.3.2 发变组故障，信号来自发变组保护装置；3.3.3 DEH故障，其有以下信号：3.3.3.1 汽轮机转速大于3300r/min(三取二)；3.3.3.2 发电机出口开关未合闸时发生转速信号故障（三取二）；3.3.3.3 机组挂闸汽轮机无运行指令,进行阀门静态整定时，机组转速大于 100r/min。3.4 发电机断水保护： 当发电机定子冷却水进水流量10t/h时延时30s，先关闭高、中压主汽门、调门，再通过电气程序跳闸逆功率跳发电机。4 汽轮机跳闸后应联动下列设备：4.1 发电机跳闸（通过程序跳闸逆功率）；4.2 额定负荷30联跳锅炉；4.3 关高中压自动主汽门、调门；4.4 联启主机交流油泵；4.5 关闭高排逆止门及各段抽汽逆止门、电动门；4.6 开汽轮机本体及各抽汽管道疏水气控门；4.7 旁路系统动作；（三、四号机需投入旁路保护投切开关）4.8 电动给水泵联动。第二节 汽轮机主机保护简介1 一、二号机保护简介：1.1 超速保护：1.1.1 机械超速保护：机械超速保护由一只飞环式危急遮断器、危急遮断装置、遮断隔离阀组和机械遮断机构组成。动作转速为额定转速的110111（33003330r/min），当转速达到危急遮断器设定值时，飞环击出，通过机械遮断机构使遮断隔离阀组的机械遮断阀动作，泄掉高压保安油，遮断汽轮机组进汽。1.1.2 电气超速保护：电气超速保护分ETS超速保护、DEH超速保护，当机组转速达到110额定转速时，ETS超速保护、DEH超速保护发出电气停机信号（三取二逻辑），遮断机组进汽。1.1.3 超速限制保护：1.1.3.1 甩负荷：1) 当发电机甩负荷时，高、中压调节汽门迅速关闭，当转速降至3090r/min以下时，延时2s，高、中压调节汽门重新开启，维持3000r/min运行；2) 当发电机甩负荷时，中排压力大于额定值的15时，高、中压调门迅速关闭，当中排压力低于额定值的15时，高、中压调门重新开启，维持机组转速3000r/min；1.1.3.2 103超速：当汽轮机转速达103额定转速时，高、中压调节汽门迅速关闭，转速低于3090r/min时，延时2秒钟后恢复。1.2 低真空保护：1.2.1 当凝汽器绝对压力升至14.7KPa（真空-76.06KPa）时，发出报警信号。1.2.2 当凝汽器绝对压力升至19.7KPa（真空-72.0KPa）时，发出停机信号（三取二逻辑）。1.3 低润滑油压保护：1.3.1 当润滑油压降至0.08MPa时，发出报警信号； 1.3.2 当润滑油压降至0.07MPa时，启动交流润滑油泵； 1.3.3 当润滑油压降至0.06MPa时，启动直流事故油泵，三取二逻辑停机并报警；1.3.4 当润滑油压降至0.03MPa时，联动跳闸盘车，并报警。 1.4 抗燃油压力保护：1.4.1 当抗燃油路油压降至11.2±0.2MPa时，发出报警信号，同时联动备用泵；1.4.2 当抗燃油路油压降至7.8MPa，通过ETS发出停机信号（三取二逻辑），同时报警。1.5 轴向位移保护：