美国电力市场分析.ppt
美国电力市场分析,ELECTRICITY MARKET,美国国土总面积937万平方公里，1998年统计人口为2.7亿。美国拥有世界上规模最大的电力工业，1997年全国装机容量为79162.0万kW，年发电量为34831.1亿kWh。在美国发电能源构成中，核电在80年代得到迅速发展，1997年其比重增至18.05%，但火电仍然是最主要的发电能源。,美国概况,市场概况,加州电力市场模式,Nevada和ERCOT电力市场模式,PJM电力市场模式,对我国启示,4,1,2,3,加州电力市场化改革,模式之争,电力库模式,双边市场模式,垄断,系统复杂、昂贵,唯一的现货市场,优化排序调度的结果可能导致高电价,透明性差,在现货和实时市场中不存在,缺乏价格发现机制,产生市场进入壁垒,加州电力市场及各实体的职能,加州电力市场的交易通道与机构间的协调,加州电力市场的交易通道,PX与ISO之间的协调,PJM电力市场模式,PJM 是经美国联邦能源管制委员会(FERC)批准，于1997的3月31日成立的一个非股份制有限责任公司，它实际上是一个独立系统运营商(ISO)。PJM目前负责美国13个州以及哥伦比亚特区电力系统的运行与管理。作为区域性ISO，PJM负责集中调度美国目前最大、最复杂的电力控制区，其规模在世界上处于第三位。PJM控制区人口占全美总人口的8.7%(约2300万人)，负荷占7.5%，装机容量占8%(约58698MW)，输电线路长达12800多公里。,PJM优点,加州电力危机,电力危机的主要根源,电力设施利用率过高，调节裕度太小,负荷急剧增加，但备用容量不足,AB1890法案凸现其潜在的负面影响,一次能源价格持续飚升，使发电和购电成本迅速上升,加州电力危机给我们的启示,1,2,3,仅靠竞争不能解决电力市场的所有问题，如能源短缺、环境保护等,监管机制要灵敏和灵活，重视系统规划、鼓励中长期电源和电网投资,重视区域电力市场的发展，实现资源统筹配置,Nevada和ERCOT电力市场模式（以ERCOT得州为例),机组类型,管理运行,电网相对独立，仅有3条直流输电线与外州相联，但传输功率有限，通常不向外州购售电,大部分电网由得州电力可靠性委员会(Electric Reliability Council of Texas，ERCOT)调度管理,燃煤-23.8%,燃气-68.0%,核电-5.8%,得州电力市场发展背景,可再生（风水电)-2.4%,得州电力市场改革发展历程,改革前,得州的电力供应来自于垂直一体 化电力公司,1995：电力批发市场解除了管制1996：独立系统调度机构,1999-2002：电力批发和零售竞争市场开始正式运作,阶段一,阶段二,阶段三,2006：市场的区域模式被新的节点模式所取代,得州ERCOT当前市场模式,ERCOT电力市场的主体及其联系,得州电力市场优缺点比较,优缺点,双边交易的匹配和平衡可不必由系统的集中运行部门负责,可没有中心调度的电能量日前现货交易市场，而仅有日前计划过程及辅助服务市场来保障电力平衡。,减少了中央决策，同时增强了用户的自主权,通过冻结标准电价鼓励了新的零售商进入零售市场，也使电力用户从中受益,几个发电商在实时平衡市场拥有很大的市场支配力，对形成充分竞争市场不利,ERCOT电力市场设计并未完全采用其他市场已证明的最佳实践,过分强调天然气发电很容易受天然气价格影响,采用了一榄子总体投标形式，没有发挥中央调度的优势，经济调度的效率,Click to edit title style,Contents01,Contents02,Contents03,Contents04,Contents05,Contents06,0%20%40%60%80%100%,18.5%,17.5%,8.7%,23.6%,63.6%,84.3%,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content&Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Click to edit title style,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content&Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Title in here,Title in here,Title in here,Title in here,A,B,C,D,Click to edit title style,Description of the contents,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content&Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content&Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content&Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Title in here,Title in here,Title in here,Click to edit title style,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Contents,Contents,Contents,Contents,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content&Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Click to edit title style,Describe a vision of company or strategic contents.,Describe a vision of company or strategic contents.,Describe a vision of company or strategic contents.,Describe a vision of company or strategic contents.,Description of the products,Click to edit title style,Click to edit title style,2004,2005,2006,2006 statistics title,2006 statistics title,(unit:%),(unit:%),*2006 Statistics agency statistics,*2006 Statistics agency statistics,50%,2004,2005,2006,90%,15%,96%,35%,70%,Contents of the product,and please fill it out.,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content&Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Click to edit title style,Text in here,Title in here,Text in here,Text in here,2003,2004,2005,2006,Description of the contents Description of the contents,Description of the contents Description of the contents,Description of the contents Description of the contents,Description of the contents Description of the contents,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content&Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Description of the contents,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content&Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Description of the contents,Description of the contents,Description of the contents,M1,M2,M4,M3,Click to edit title style,Click to edit title style,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content&Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Description of the contents,Description of the contents,Description of the contents,Description of the contents,Description of the contents,Description of the contents,Click to edit title style,CEO,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Text in here,Thank You!,
