The Reproductive System：生殖系统.ppt

Chapter 31,The Reproductive System,PowerPoint presentation to accompany:Medical AssistingThird EditionBooth,Whicker,Wyman,Pugh,Thompson,31-2,Learning Outcomes,31.1List the organs of the male reproductive system and give the locations,structures,and functions of each.31.2Describe how sperm cells are formed.31.3Describe the substances found in semen.31.4Describes the process of erection and ejaculation.,31-3,Learning Outcomes(cont.),31.5List the actions of testosterone.31.6Describe the causes,signs and symptoms,and treatment of various disorders of the male reproductive system.31.7List the organs of the female reproductive system and give the locations,structures,and functions of each.31.8Explain how ova develop.,31-4,Learning Outcomes(cont.),31.9List the actions of estrogen and progesterone.31.10Explain how and when ovulation occurs.31.11Describe what happens to an ovum after ovulation occurs.31.12List the purpose and events of the menstrual cycle.31.13Define menopause and explain what causes it.,31-5,Learning Outcomes(cont.),31.14Describe the causes,signs and symptoms,and treatments of various disorders of the female reproductive system.31.15Explain how and where fertilization occurs.31.16Describe the process of implantation.31.17Explain the difference between an embryo and a fetus.,31-6,Learning Outcomes(cont.),31.18Describe the changes that occur in a woman during pregnancy.31.19List several birth control methods and explain why they are effective.31.20List the causes of and treatments for infertility.31.21Describe the causes,signs and symptoms,and treatments of the most common sexually transmitted diseases.,31-7,Introduction,Male and female reproductive systems Function together to produce offspring Female reproductive system nurtures developing offspring Produce important hormones,31-8,Male Reproductive System,TestesPrimary organsDevelop in the abdominal pelvic cavity of fetusDescend into scrotal sac shortly before or after birthProduce the male sex cells(sperm)Produce the male hormone testosterone,Scrotum sac that holds the testesSeminiferous tubulesOn top of testesFilled with spermatogenic cells that produce sperm cellsInterstitial cells produce testosterone,31-9,Male Reproductive System,Name the structures that are unique to the male reproductive system.,31-10,Male Reproductive System(cont.),Spermatogonia(46 chromosomes),Mitosis makes primary spermatocytes,Undergo meiosis two secondary spermatocytes,Divides two spermatids=4 spermatids,Develop flagella to become mature sperm cells with 23 chromosomes,Spermatogenesis,31-11,Male Reproductive System(cont.),Sperm cellsHeadNucleus with 23 chromosomesAcrosome enzyme-filled sac Helps sperm penetrate ovumMidpieceMitochrondria that generate cells energy,TailFlagellum that propels sperm forward,31-12,Back,31-13,Male Reproductive System:Internal Accessory Organs,Epididymis Sits on top of each testisReceives spermatids from seminiferous tubulesSpermatids become sperm cellsVas deferensTube connected to epididymisCarries sperm cells to urethra,Seminal vesicleSecreteFluid rich in sugar used to make energyProstaglandins stimulate muscular contractions in female to propel sperm forwardSeminal fluid Released into vas deferens just before ejaculation60%of semen volume,31-14,Prostate gland Surrounds urethraProduces and secretes a milky,alkaline fluid into urethra just before ejaculationFluid protects sperm in the acidic environment of the vagina40%of semen,Bulbourethral(Cowpers)glandsProduce a mucus-like fluidSecreted just before ejaculationLubricates end of penisSemenAlkaline mixtureNutrientsProstoglandins1.5 to 5.0 ml per ejaculateSperm count of 40 to 250 million/ml,Internal Accessory Organs,Male Reproductive System:Internal Accessory Organs(cont.),31-15,ScrotumHolds testes away from bodyTemperature 1 below body temperatureLined with serous membrane that secrets fluidTestes move freely,PenisShaft Erectile tissues surround urethraGlans penisCone-shaped structure on end of penisPrepuce Skin covering glans penis in uncircumcised malesFunctionsDeliver spermUrination,Male Reproductive System:Internal Accessory Organs(cont.),31-16,Male Reproductive System:Erection,Orgasm,and Ejaculation,ErectionParasympathetic nervous system stimulates erectile tissue Become engorged with bloodOrgasmSperm cells propelled out of testes into urethraSecretions from accessory organs also released into urethraEjaculationSemen is forced out of urethraSympathetic nerves then stimulate erectile tissue to release blood Penis returns to flaccid state,31-17,Male Reproductive System:Hormones,HypothalamusGonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)Stimulates anterior pituitary to releaseFollicle-stimulating hormone(FSH)initiates spermatogenesisLuteinizing hormone(LH)stimulates interstitial cells in the testes to produce testosteroneTestosteroneSecondary sex characteristicsMaturation of male reproductive organsRegulated by negative feedback,31-18,Apply Your Knowledge,Matching:_ VasectomyA.Spermatogenesis_ Mixture of sperm and fluidsB.Testes_ Sperm cell formationC.Penis_ Secrete alkaline fluid/prostaglandinsD.Vas deferens_ Produce testosteroneE.Hypothalamus_ GnRH F.Semen_ Erectile tissueG.Seminal vesicle,G,E,F,A,C,B,Correct!,31-19,Diseases and Disorders of the Male Reproductive System,31-20,Diseases and Disorders of the Male Reproductive System,31-21,Apply Your Knowledge,Your patient has an elevated PSA.What is a PSA and what does it indicate?,ANSWER:The PSA is a prostate-specific antigen in the blood.Elevations of the PSA may indicate prostate cancer.,Bravo!,31-22,Female Reproductive System:Ovaries and Ovum Formation,Ovaries(2)Primary sex organs produceSex cells called ovaHormones estrogen and progesterone Located in the pelvic cavity Medulla Inner area;contains nerves,lymphatic vessels,and blood vesselsCortexOuter area;contains ovarian follicles Covered by epithelial and dense connective tissues,31-23,Female Reproductive System,Name the structures that are unique to the female reproductive system.,31-24,Primordial follicles develop before birth and containA primary oocyte or immature ovum(born with maximum number)Follicular cells,Oogenesis is the process of ovum formationAt puberty,primary oocytes are stimulated to continue meiosisBecomes 1 polar body(a nonfunctional cell)and A secondary oocyteSecondary oocyte released during ovulationIf fertilized,the oocyte divides to form a mature,fertilized ovum,Female Reproductive System:Ovaries and Ovum Formation(cont.),31-25,Female Reproductive System:Internal Accessory Organs,Fallopian tube oviductInfundibulum and fimbriaeFringed,expanded end of fallopian tube near ovaryFunction to“catch”an ovum Muscular tube Lined with mucous membrane and ciliaPropels ovum toward uterus,31-26,UterusHollow,muscular organReceives embryo and sustains its developmentDivisionsFundus domed upper portionBody main portionCervix narrow,lower section extending into vagina(cervical orifice),Wall of uterusEndometriumInnermost liningVascularTubular glands mucusMyometrium Middle,thick,muscular layerPerimetriumThin layer covering the myometriumSecretes serous fluid to coat and protect uterus,Female Reproductive System:Internal Accessory Organs(cont.),31-27,VaginaTubular,muscular organExtends from uterus to outside body(vaginal introitus)Muscular folds rugae enable expansionReceive erect penisPassage for delivery of offspring and uterine secretionsWallInnermost mucosal layerMiddle muscular layerOuter fibrous layer,Female Reproductive System:Internal Accessory Organs(cont.),31-28,Internal Female Organs,31-29,Female Reproductive System:External Accessory Organs,Mammary glandsSecretion of milkStructuresNippleOxytocin induces lactiferous ducts to deliver milk through openingsAreola pigmented area around nippleAlveolar glands within mammary glands Make milk when stimulated by prolactin,31-30,Female Reproductive System:External Genitalia,Collectively known as the vulvaLabia majoraRounded folds of adipose tissue and skinProtect other external reproductive organsLabia minoraFold of skin between labia majoraVery vascularMerge to form hood over clitorisVestibule space enclosed by labia minoraBartholins glands secrete mucus during sexual arousal,31-31,ClitorisAnterior to urethral meatusContains female erectile tissueRich in sensory nervesPerineumBetween vagina and anusArea for episiotomy,if needed,during birth process,Female Reproductive System:External Genitalia(cont.),31-32,Female Reproductive System:Erection,Lubrication,and Orgasm,Nervous stimulation Clitoris becomes erect Bartholins glands activates lubricationVagina elongatesOrgasmSufficient stimulation of clitorisWalls of uterus and fallopian tubes contract to propel sperm up tubes,31-33,Female Reproductive System:Hormones,Hypothalamus secretes GnRH,GnRH,Anterior pituitary releases FSH&LH,Stimulates,Ovaries to produceestrogen and progesterone,Estrogen and progesterone Responsible for development of secondary sex characteristics,31-34,Female Reproductive System:Reproductive Cycle,Menstrual cycleRegular changes in uterine lining,resulting in monthly bleedingMenarche first menstrual periodMenopause termination of cycle due to normal aging of ovaries,31-35,Anterior pituitaryreleases FSH,Uterine lining thickens,Ovarian folliclematures and secretesestrogen,Without fertilization Corpus luteum degenerates Estrogen and progesterone levels fall Uterine lining breaks down menses starts Cycle begins again with release of FSH,Female Reproductive System:Reproductive Cycle(cont.),31-36,Apply Your Knowledge,True or False:_ The ovaries only produce estrogen._ Ovulation is the process of ovum formation._ The fallopian tube is also called the oviduct._ The endometrium is the outer layer of the uterine wall._ Alveolar glands produce milk._Oxytocin induces the alveolar glands to deliver milk through the nipples._ Menarche is the termination of the menstrual cycle._ Menopause occurs due to normal aging of the ovaries.,F,T,F,T,F,F,T,YIPPEE!,31-37,Diseases and Disorders of the Female Reproductive System,31-38,Diseases and Disorders of the Female Reproductive System(cont.),31-39,Diseases and Disorders of the Female Reproductive System(cont.),31-40,Apply Your Knowledge,Matching:_ Inflammation of the cervixA.Dysmenorrhea_ Cancer common in post-menopausal womenB.Cervical cancer_ Develops slowly;detected by Pap smearC.Fibroids_ Uterine tissue grows outside uterusD.Breast cancer_ Second leading cause of cancer death in womenE.Cervicitis_ Severe menstrual crampsF.Endometriosis_ Benign tumors in the uterine wallG.Uterine cancer,G,F,D,C,B,A,E,ANSWER:,GoodJob!,31-41,Pregnancy:Fertilization,Pregnancy condition of having a developing offspring in the uterusFertilization process in which a sperm cell unites with an ovum;results in pregnancyOnly one sperm cell penetrates the follicular cells and the zona pellucida that surround the ovums cell membraneAfter fertilization,ovum releases enzymes that cause the zona pellucida to become impenetrable to other spermZygote forms from union of ovum and sperm Contains 46 chromosomes,31-42,Pregnancy:The Prenatal Period,Time before birthZygote undergoes rapid mitosisFirst week after fertilizationCleavage rapid cell divisionMorula ball of cells resulting from cleavageTravels down fallopian tube to uterusBecomes blastocyst which implants in endometrial wall BlastocystSome cells(inner cell mass)become embryoOthers,along with cells from uterus,form placenta,31-43,Embryonic period Week 2 through 8Inner cell mass organizes into three primary germ layersEctodermMesodermEndoderm,Formation of Placenta Amnion Umbilical cord Yolk sack Most internal organs and external structures of embryo,Pregnancy:The Prenatal Period(cont.),31-44,Last 3 months fetal brain cells rapidly divideGI and respiratory systems last to develop,Fetal periodWeek 8 through birthRapid growth5th month skeletal muscles active6th month gains weight,Pregnancy:The Prenatal Period(cont.),31-45,Pregnancy:Fetal Circulation,Placenta and umbilical blood vessels carry out the exchange of nutrients,oxygen,and waste productsUnique differences from normal circulationForamen ovale hole between right and left atria enables most of fetal blood to bypass lungsDuctus arteriosus connection between pulmonary trunk and aortaDuctus venosus vessel that bypasses liver,31-46,Pregnancy:Hormonal Changes,Embryonic cells secrete human chorionic gonadotropin(HCG)Maintains the corpus luteumEstrogen and progesteroneSecreted by corpus luteum and placentaFunctions Stimulate uterine lining to thicken,development of mammary glands,enlargement of female reproductive organsInhibit release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary gland(preventing ovulation)and uterine contractions,31-47,Relaxin From corpus luteumInhibits uterine contractions and relaxes ligaments of pelvisLactogen From placentaStimulates enlargements of mammary glands,Aldosterone From adrenal glandIncreases sodium and water retentionParathyroid hormone(PTH)Helps maintain high calcium levels in the blood,Pregnancy:Hormonal Changes(cont.),31-48,Apply Your Knowledge,What are the primary germ layers and what tissue develops from them?,ANSWER:The primary germ layers are the:Ectoderm nervous tissue and some epithelial tissue Mesoderm connective tissue and some epithelial tissue Endoderm epithelial tissue only,Right!,31-49,The Birth Process,Begins when progesterone levels fallProstaglandins secreted by uterus stimulate uterine contractionsUterine contractions stimulate posterior pituitary gland to release oxytocinOxytocin stimulates strong uterine contractions,31-50,The Birth Process(cont.),Three stagesDilation Cervix thins and softens(effacement)Lasts 8 24 hoursExpulsion or parturition Actual birthMay take 30 minutes or lessPlacental stage 10 to 15 minutes after the birth,the placenta separates from uterine wall and is expelled,31-51,The Birth Process(cont.),The postnatal periodSix-week period following birthNeonatal period first four weeksNeonate is adjusting to life outside uterus,Milk production and secretionProlactin production of milkOxytocin ejection of milk from mammary gland ductsProduction continues as long as breast-feeding continues,31-52,Apply Your Knowledge,What are the three stages of the birth process and what occurs during each?,ANSWER:The three stages are:Dilation the cervix thins,softens,(effacement)and dilates to approximately 10 cmExpulsion also called parturition;the actual birth stagePlacental stage placenta separates from uterine wall and is expelled,Impressive!,31-53,Contraception,31-54,Contraception(cont.),31-55,Contraception(cont.),31-56,Apply Your Knowledge,ANSWER:The rhythm method is not as effective as other birth control,because it is sometimes difficult to tell when ovulation occurs.,Your patient has just been told that she is pregnant,but she does not understand why she could get pregnant.She states,“I have been using the rhythm method of birth control very carefully.”What patient teaching would you do to assist her to understand?,Good Answer!,31-57,I