3394460595托达罗 发展经济学todarosm350944ppt17 (10).ppt
Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley.All rights reserved.,Chapter 10,The Environment and Development,Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley.All rights reserved.,10-2,Economics and the Environment,Environmental issues affect,and are affected by,economic developmentPoverty and ignorance may lead to non-sustainable use of environmental resources,Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley.All rights reserved.,10-3,Environment and Development:The Basic Issues,Sustainable development and environmental accounting,Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley.All rights reserved.,10-4,Environment and Development:The Basic Issues,Sustainable net national product is:,WhereNNI*is sustainable national income GNI is Gross national incomeDm is the depreciation of manufactured capital assetsDnis the depreciation of environmentalcapital,Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley.All rights reserved.,10-5,Environment and Development:The Basic Issues,Alternatively,sustainable net national product is:,WhereNNI*,GNI,Dm,and Dn are as before Ris expenditure needed to restore environmental capitalAis expenditure required to avert destruction of environmental capital,Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley.All rights reserved.,10-6,Environment and Development:The Basic Issues,Sustainable development and environmental accountingPopulation,resources,and the environmentPoverty and the environmentGrowth versus the environmentRural development and the environment,Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley.All rights reserved.,10-7,Environment and Development:The Basic Issues(contd),Urban development and the environmentThe global environment,Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley.All rights reserved.,10-8,The Scope of Environmental Degradation:A Brief Statistical Review,Environmental problems have consequences both for health and productivity,Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley.All rights reserved.,10-9,Table 10.1,Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley.All rights reserved.,10-10,Table 10.1(contd),Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley.All rights reserved.,10-11,Rural Development and the Environment:A Tale of Two Villages,Representative African villageRepresentative South American village,Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley.All rights reserved.,10-12,Traditional Economic Models of the Environment,Privately owned resources,Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley.All rights reserved.,10-13,Figure 10.1,Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley.All rights reserved.,10-14,Figure 10.2,Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley.All rights reserved.,10-15,Traditional Economic Models of the Environment,Privately owned resourcesCommon property resources,Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley.All rights reserved.,10-16,Figure 10.3,Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley.All rights reserved.,10-17,Traditional Economic Models of the Environment,Privately owned resourcesCommon property resourcesPublic goods and bads:regional environmental degradation and the free-rider problemLimitations of the public goods framework,Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley.All rights reserved.,10-18,Figure 10.4,Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley.All rights reserved.,10-19,Urban Development and the Environment,The ecology of urban slumsIndustrialization and urban air pollution,Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley.All rights reserved.,10-20,Figure 10.5,Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley.All rights reserved.,10-21,Figure 10.6,Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley.All rights reserved.,10-22,Urban Development and the Environment,The ecology of urban slumsIndustrialization and urban air pollutionProblems of congestion and the availability of clean water and sanitation,Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley.All rights reserved.,10-23,The Need for Policy Reform,The recognition that action to reduce environmental hazards has been insufficient is now widespreadHowever,budgets are limitedBetter pricing policies would improve mattersInclusion of women in the design of environmental policy is important,Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley.All rights reserved.,10-24,The Global Environment:Rain Forest Destruction and Greenhouse Gases,Many scientists are alarmed by recent evidence regarding ozone depletion and global warmingEconomists also are concerned with the costs of global climate changeThe solutions seem to involve both LDCs and industrialized countries,Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley.All rights reserved.,10-25,Policy Options in Developing and Developed Countries,What LDCs can doProper resource pricingCommunity involvementClearer property rights and resource ownershipImproved economic alternatives for the poorImproved economic status of womenIndustrial emissions abatement policies,Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley.All rights reserved.,10-26,Policy Options in Developing and Developed Countries(contd),How developed countries can help LDCsTrade policiesDebt relief and debt for nature swapsDevelopment assistanceWhat developed countries can doEmissions controlsR&DImport restrictions,Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley.All rights reserved.,10-27,Table 10.2,Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley.All rights reserved.,10-28,Concepts for Review,Absorptive capacityBiomass fuelsClean technologiesCommon property resourceConsumer surplusDebt-for-nature swapDeforestation,DesertificationEnvironmental accountingEnvironmental capitalExternalityFree-rider problemGlobal warmingGreenhouse gases,Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley.All rights reserved.,10-29,Concepts for Review(contd),InternalizationMarginal costMarginal net benefitOzone depletionPollution taxPresent valuePrivate costsProducer surplusProperty rights,Public badPublic goodScarcity rentSocial costsSoil erosionSustainable developmentSustainable national incomeTotal net benefit,
