四级语法讲座8：比较结构.ppt

四级英语语法讲座比较结构,I.考点分析,尽管比较级包括平级比较、比较级和最高级以及倍数等知识点，但考试中考察的重点是平级的比较和倍数。要掌握以下几点：1.在分句中以替代词do的某个形式代替主句的谓语部分George writes as neatly as John does.They bought fewer books than the others did.分句中的主语和替代词do也可采用倒装的形式:Some people have no doubt that their cat understands as many words as does a dog.Nobody did more for education in this country than did the late Mr.Green.,I.考点分析,2.形容词比较结构与名词搭配时的词序问题在asas或more than结构中，如果出现名词，通常将名词置于比较结构中。I havent seen as old a car as this for years.I cant drink as sweet coffee as this.There are more intelligent men than John.但有时也将名词置于比较结构之前。I havent seen a car as old as this for years.I cant drink coffee as sweet as this.There are men more intelligent than John.,I.考点分析,3.比较结构的修饰语修饰asas结构的有：nearly,almost,exactly,twice,(three)times,not nearly,not half,nothing like,by no means,nowhere near,quite等词，这些修饰语无一例外地置于 asas结构之前。修饰more than结构的有：far,even,many,much,still,a lot,a(little)bit,rather,slightly,(three)times,not any等词，这些修饰语一般置于more than结构之前。修饰最高级结构的有：by far,much,easily,nearly,almost,not quite,not really,by no means,nothing like,nowhere near,nest,second,third,yet,ever等，这些修饰语位置各有不同，可前，可中，可后。,I.考点分析,4.当more than结构表示“与其说不如说”时，它实质上不能算是比较结构。He is more big than strong.I was more annoyed than worried when they didnt come home.这种句子肯定前者，与less than恰好相反。He was less hurt than frightened.(=He was more frightened than hurt.)当more than 表示“不止是：时，也不是比较结构。My trip to Beijing was more than sightseeing.He is more than happy about it.He more than complained:he threw the whole book of rules at me.,I.考点分析,5.注意 as much of aas,more of athan,less of athan的用法:It was much of a success as I had hoped.He is more of a sportsman than his brother.He is less of a fool than I thought he was.,四级真题比较结构,1.Her fluency in English gives her an advantage _ other girls for the job.(93/1/47)A)above B)over C)than D)withB)题意：她英语流利，因而在竟争职位时比别的女孩有优势。解析：注意词组搭配，give sb.an advantage over sb.else=be better than：比别人优势，超出别人。其他几个答案没有这种搭配，可以排除掉。2.Nuclear science should be developed to benefit the people _ harm them.(93/6/53)A)more than B)other than C)rather than D)better thanC)题意：核科学应该朝着造福人类的方向发展，而不是给人类带来危害。解析：词组意义辨析。more than 比多;other than 不同于,除了;rather than(更喜欢，更愿意)而不是；better than 比好。,3.They usually have less money at the end of the month than_at the beginning.(93/6/54)A)which is B)which was C)they have D)it isC)题意：通常，他们在月底时比在月初时手头更紧一些。解析：注意比较结构中一个很重要的问题：你要比较的两部分应该在句子中处于对等的位置，比如都是主语部分，或都是宾语部分；本题要比较的是状语部分-at the end of the month和 at the beginning(of the month)，本句的后半部分省略了很多重复的东西，因此在找出要比较的两部分之后，是很容易把句子补充上的。4.In the course of a day students do far more than just _ classes.(93/6/55)A)attend B)attended C)to attend D)attendingA)题意：在一天的学习过程中，学生要做的事不仅仅是到教室听课。解析：在比较结构far more than中，far只起强调语气的作用，far强调的意思是“比多得多”。参照第3题的注释，作题时要弄清楚本句要比较的两部分是谓语，即 do和 attend这两个行为；那么，就应该让两个动词采取同等的形式，即都是动词原形。其他形式很容易被排除掉。,5.Mr.Johnson preferred _ heavier work to do.(93/6/61)A)to be given B)to be giving C)to have given D)having givenA)题意：约翰迅先生偏爱承担重任。解析：此题考的是动词词组结构：prefer to do sth.，。记住这个结构中要求的，在prefer之后要跟动词的话，只有不定式的搭配，其他都不对。在此，总结一下prefer的用法。Prefer的主要意思是“宁可，更喜爱，认为更可取”；在prefer之后可以有三种搭配：1）.后跟名词结构，比如 Do you prefer tea or coffee?I prefer watching Rugby to playing it.I prefer dogs to cats.I prefer singing to acting.在后三句例子中，还有一个小地方要注意，在结构perfer A to B 中，意思是在两者中作出选择，即相对于 B来讲，更喜欢A。2).后跟动词结构，只能是不定式，比如 I prefer you not to smoke.Most people prefer to remember what happened that day.3).后跟从句，比如 I prefer that the concert was cancelled if it were possible.这样的用法比较正式，书面化。,6.She is-_ a musician than her brother.(93/6/65)A)much of B)much as C)more of D)more asC)题意：相对于她兄弟而言，她更称得上是一位音乐家。解析：本题有一个关键词：than，所以我们用more of 后跟than 连接的比较状语，表示“更,”。much as表示”尽管,虽然”Much as I would like to help you,I am afraid I am very busy at the moment.much of 中的much 表示”很好的东西”,常用在表达否定义的结构中,比如:I dont think much of that idea.He is very good at tennis,but he is not much of a swimmer.She is not much to look at,but she is very nice.more as 是故意混淆视听的。,7.Beethoven is my favorite musician.I regard him as _ other musicians.(94/1/55)A)superior to B)more superior than C)more superior to D)superior thanA)题意：贝多芬是我最喜爱的音乐家。我认为他比别人都优秀。解析：记住superior to 和 inferior to 这两个形容词词组，superior to 表示“比优秀，更好”;inferior to 表示”比低劣，不如好”。在这两个词组中没有出现than之类的比较结构词，形容词本身也没有词型变化而保持原形，却表达了比较的意义，所以考官们很喜欢出这种题目。其他搭配都不对。8.Certain programs work better for some _ for others.(95/1/50)A)and B)than C)as D)butB)题意：某些项目对一部分人有用，而对其他人则无用。解析：参照第3题的注释，作题时要弄清楚本句要比较的两部分是状语；另外，从关键词better 可以锁定答案B，这是一道较简单的比较题目。,9.It is not unusual for workers in that region _.(95/1/55)A)to be paid more than a month later B)to be paid later than more a monthC)to pay later than a month more D)to pay late more than a monthA)题意：那个地区会拖欠工人的工资长达一个多月，这种现象毫不稀奇。解析：more than 在本句只起限定名词a month的作用，表示“一个多月”，而不是引导比较结构。另外，副词later表示“较晚的，后来”，修饰动词pay，它是一个独立的副词，不是late的比较级，所以不应该有答案B和C中later than的搭配；也不应该是pay late。10.If you dont like to swim,you _ stay at home.(95/1/60)A)should as well B)may as well C)can as well D)would as wellB)题意：假如你不想去游泳的话，你还是呆在家里的好。解析：may(just)as well和 might(just)as well表示“倒不如，还是的好”,后跟动词原形。,11.Radio,television and press _ of conveying news and information.(95/6/57)A)are the most three common means B)are the three most common meansC)are the most common three means D)are three the most common meansB)题意：收音机，电视和报刊是传播新闻和信息的三个最普通的手段。解析：在the three most common means这一串限定词加中心词（means）的结构中，前后顺序主要决定于形容词与中心词之间的限定关系是强是弱，强的与中心词近一些。the 和three分别是定冠词和数词，位置应是第一和第二；most common 是形容词最高级，与means的限定关系更强，所以离它最近。英语中，形容词的排列顺序是有严格要求的，而中文在这一点上比较宽松，因此不要受母语影响，而要培养英语语感，作对题目。,12.In Britain,the best season of the yearis probably _ spring.(95/6/65)A)later B)last C)latter D)lateD)题意：在英国，一年中最好的季节大概是晚春。解析：late 季节的早晚一般用early和 late来表示。late的意思是“晚期的，后期的”，比如：late afternoon傍晚，late September九月底，the late eighteenth century十八世纪末叶。later表示“较晚的，后来”，比如：At first he denied all guilt,but he later made a partial confession.他起初否认一切罪行，但后来做了部分交代，Ill see you later.改天再见。latter 1）表示（刚提到的两者之间）后者的 If offered red or white,Id choose the latter(wine).如果有人问我要红酒还是白酒，我选择后者。此义与former（前者的）相反。2）表示“后一半的，接近终了的，末尾的”，in the latter part of next year明年后期 in the latter stage of the fight 在战斗的后阶段；last 1)表示“最后的，最末的”George was the last person to arrive.乔治是最后一个到的。This is my last$5.这是我最后的5 美元。2)表示“上一次，最近一次”last night 昨晚 last week 上星期 When did you last see him?你最近什么时候见过他？,13.Cancer is second only _ heart disease as a cause of death.(96/1/30)A)of B)to C)with D)fromB)题意：在死亡原因中，癌症位于心脏病之后，列第二位。解析：词组second to sth/sb表示“仅次于，位居第二的”，包含了一种比较的意思在内。还有一些别的相关词组可以一起记忆：the second-largest car manufacturer in the country全国第二大汽车制造商 As a footballer he is second to none.作为一名足球运动员，他是首屈一指的。second best仅次于最好的，居于第二位的。另外，序数词加上最高级，表示”第几大的”之类的意思，也是很常见的：third-largest,forth most important,fifth-quickest,etc.14.Young adults _ older people are more likely to prefer pop songs.(96/6/40)A)other than B)more than C)less than D)rather thanD)题意：相对于老人而言，年轻人有可能更偏爱流行歌曲。解析：rather than:在更大程度上；不是而是；符合题意。other than:不同于,除了。more than 多于,超过。less than 少于。,15.Melted iron is poured into the mixer much _ tea is poured into a cup from a teapot.(96/6/48)A)in the same way like B)in the same way C)in the same way which D)in the same way asD)题意：把融化的铁倒进容器里，正如把茶水从茶壶里倒进茶杯里。解析：这句话也表达了一种比较，可以看出空格前后是两小句话，两件独立的事情；这是要打比方，用后一件事情说明前一件事情，属于同级比较。本句只能用as引导方式比较状语从句，其他的词（which,like）都不行，B答案则没有连词，故不对。much在此是副词，起加强语气的作用。16.Finding a job in such a big company has always been _ his wildest dreams.(97/1/30)A)under B)over C)above D)beyondD)题意：他从未奢望在那样大的公司里找一份工作。解析：beyond：“超出，为所不及”,符合题意.。above和 over虽然都有”高于，超过”的意思，但 above通常表示在位置,职位,具体方向，数量，年龄，品质行为等方面,over 则指方位,地位，权力,数目,程度等方面,有时两者可以互换。under表示在之下,低于，少于，它的反义词是over。,17.It is reported that _ adopted children want to know who their natural parents are.(97/1/32)A)the most B)most of C)most D)the most ofC)题意：据报道，大多数被收养的孩子希望知道自己的亲生父母是谁。解析：(the)most是much,many的最高级，也经常与二音节以上的形容词或副词搭配表达”最”的意思。但是，most也可以单独做代词，表示“大多数，大部分，几乎全部”。B答案后如果加上the就对了。还有一点经常考，most做“顶，很”讲时，也不是什么最高级，比如：Its most kind of you.你真好。a most enjoyable party一次很愉快的聚会 a most beautiful woman 一位很漂亮的女士18.The little was _ one meter fifty high.(97/1/36)A)almost more than B)hardly more than C)nearly more than D)as much asB)题意：那个小个子身高仅一米五。解析：more than前加上否定词no,scarcely,nothing,little,hardly等表示“仅而已”,19.You cannot be _ careful when you drive a car.(97/6/32)A)very B)so C)too D)enoughC)题意：开车时,再怎么小心也不为过。解析：本题的测试点是固定搭配cannottoo：“怎么也不过分”。比如：You cannot praise the film too highly.无论你怎么称赞这部电影都不过分。其实这样的说法表达了一种最高级的意思在内。20.If tap water was dangerous as some people think,_would be getting sick.(98/1/41)A)a lot of us more B)more a lot of us C)a lot of us more D)a lot more of usD)题意：假如自来水如有些人想的那样有毒的话，那么我们就会有更多的人生病。解析：a lot修饰比较级more时，应该前置。所以只有答案D正确。a lot除了常用的“大量，许多”的意思，还可以做副词，表示“经常，非常”，比如：Your sister looks a lot like you.你姐很象你。Im feeling a lot better today.我今天感觉好多了。We walk a lot during the holidays.假期中，我们经常散步。,21.Americans eat _ as they actually need every day.(98/6/56)A)twice as much protein B)protein as much twiceC)twice protein as muchD)protein as twice muchA)题意：美国人每天吃的蛋白质是他们身体所需的两倍。解析：twice(two times),three times,four times,etc.表示倍数，修饰as much protein as。22.There are few electronic applications _ to raise fears regarding future employment opportunities than robots.(98/6/59)A)likely B)more likely C)most likely D)much likelyB)题意：现在，电子学方面的实际运用很少；这一点比机器人带来的恐慌更大：将来的工作职位的数目会很令人担忧。解析：more likely表示“更有可能”，其他答案均不含比较之意。,23.The trumpet was certainly loud.But I wasnt bothered by his loudness _ by his lack of talent.(99/1/68)A)than B)more than C)as D)so much asD)题意：喇叭当然很响。但让我烦心的则是他吹的毫不动听，而不是他的音量太大。解析：as much as 表示同级比较：“和一样”；当用于否定时，第一个as可以互换成so。我们学习比较级的否定形式时，不要机械性的把原句简单的理解为肯定句加上一个“不”字就可以了。首先要在逻辑上搞清楚句子要强调的是哪一层意思，然后再用适当的中文把它表达出来。24.Fifty years ago,wealthy people liked hunting wild animals for fun _ sightseeing.(01/6/47)A)than to go B)rather than to go C)more than going D)other than goingC)题意：五十年前，有钱人更喜欢打猎消遣，而不是观光。解析：关键是找出more than前后要比较的是哪两个对等的部分，本题是hunting wild animals for fun和going sightseeing(for fun)，go应该和hunt保持形式一致，都用分词，这是动词like要求的。,25._ in the United States,St.Louis has now become the 24th largest city.(01/6/60)A)The fourth biggest city it was B)Once the fourth biggest cityC)Being the fourth biggest city D)It was once the fourth biggest cityB)题意：圣路易斯以前曾是美国第四大城市，现在则是第二十四位。解析：once是时间副词，表示“从前”，修饰全句，故放在前面；序数词fourth加上最高级biggest表示：“第几大的”，参照第13题注释。26.The boy spent as much time watching TV as he _ studying.（02/1/69）A)did B)was C)does D)hadA)题意：这个孩子用于电视和学习的时间一样多。解析：这是一个同等比较结构。从句中要填的词代替前面的spent，所以用did。,Thank you!,