外研版八年级上册英语知识点总结.doc

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上外研版八年级上册英语知识点总结Module 1 How to learn English1 pair n. (相关的)两个人,一对,一双,一副a pair of socks a pair of gloves two pairs of trousers一双袜子 一副手套 两条裤子 e.g.A pair of teenage boys are watching a football game.两个青少年正在看足球赛. 2correct（1）v. 改正,纠正 e.g.The teacher returned to her room to correct exercise books.老师回到房间去改练习本. Correct the spelling.纠正拼写. （2）adj. 正确的；恰当的 e.g.correct pronunciation 正确发音 Do you have the correct time？ 你的表走得准吗？ 3advice （1）n.意思是“意见,建议”,为不可数名词,可用some,much,a piece of,pieces of等修饰,不能说an advice或many/a few advices. （2）表示“有关的建议”时,用介词on,接名词、代词或由疑问词引导的不定式. e.g.Lets ask for his advice on what to do next. 我们去征求一下他的意见下一步该怎么办. 常见搭配：take/follow ones advice 接受某人的建议 ask for advice 征求意见 accept/refuse ones advice 接受（拒绝）某人的建议 offer advice to sb. 向某人提供建议 拓展： advise vt建议 常见搭配：advise sb. to do sth. advise that sb. (should) do sth.e.g.My teacher advises me to leave now.老师建议我现在就离开. We advise measures（should）be taken to stop pollution at once. 我们建议立即采取措施以阻止污染. 4We should always speak English in class.我们应该总是在课堂上说英语. should是情态动词,意思是“应该”.通常用来表示现在或将来的责任或义务. should/shouldnt do sth.e.g.He should work harder. 他应该更加努力. You should help your mother with the housework. 你们应该帮妈妈做家务. 5Lets try to speak English as much as possible.让我们一起尽可能地说英语. （1） e.g.They are trying to study English well.他们正努力学好英语. I am trying doing it in this way.我正试着用这种方法做. We should try/do our best to help the people in trouble. 我们应该尽最大努力帮助困境中的人们. （2）译为“尽量”、“尽最大努力（可能）”,主要用于 as.as possible/one can. e.g.You should rest as much as possible. 你应当尽量多休息. I have helped you as much as I can. Now it is up to you. 我已尽我所能地帮助你了.现在该看你自己了.6Each time you will learn something new. I also advise you to talk about the films or songs with your friends.每次你将会学习一些新东西.我也建议你和朋友们谈论电影或歌曲.time的用法： （1）time侧重指“时间”这一概念,或说明“时间”的量,time用作不可数名词,前面可much, little, a lot of, plenty of等修饰. e.g.This saves time and allows farmers to grow an extra crop in each season. 这节省了时间,使农民能够在每个季节中多种点庄稼. （2）当作“次数；倍数”讲时,time是可数名词. e.g.I have been to Beijing three times. 我去过北京三次. （3）time构成的短语： at a time一次, 每一次 at one time曾经,一度 at times /from time to time有时,偶尔 all the time总是,一直 in time及时,迟早 on time准时 （4）time构成的句型： Its time for sb. to do sth./Its (high) time sb. did sth. 该是某人干的时间了. e.g.Its time for children to go to bed. 是小孩睡觉的时候了. Its high time that we started. 我们该出发了. each time（每次）,next time（下次）,the first/last time（第一次/最后一次的时候）等词组引导的时间状语从句. e.g.The last time I went to China, I visited Shanghai. 我上次到中国时,游览了上海.14I suggest you write four or five words a day on pieces of paper and place them in your room.我建议你一天把四个或者五个单词写在纸上并且放在你的房间里. suggest,做动词,表示“建议,提议”的意思,对应的名词是suggestion.suggest的用法： e.g.She suggested an early start. 她建议早一点出发.I suggested his / him giving up the foolish idea. 我建议他放弃那愚蠢的念头.She suggested that the class meeting (should) not be held on Saturday. 她建议班会不要在星期六举行.注意：当suggest表示“暗示,表明”的意思,它后面接宾语从句,谓语用真实的时态,而不用“should+动词原形”. e.g.他脸上的表情表明他很开心.（×）The expression on his face suggested that he should be very happy. （）The expression on his face suggested that he was very happy游览了上海. Module 2 My home town and my country1It is on the River Cam and has a population of about 120,000.它（剑桥）位于康河河畔,人口约为12万. population n. 意思是“人口,居民”,它是一个集体名词,它的用法有时较为特殊, 所以很容易用错. population常与定冠词the连用,作主语用时,谓语动词常用第三人称单数形式. e.g.The worlds population is increasing faster and faster. 全世界的人口增长得越来越快. 当主语是表示“人口的百分之几、几分之几”时,谓语动词用复数形式. e.g.About seventy percent of the population in China are farmers. 中国大约有百分之七十的人口是农民. 有时population可用作可数名词,其前可用不定冠词. e.g.China has a population of about 1.3 billion. =There is a population of about 1.3 billion in China.中国大约有十三亿人口. 表示人口的“多”或“少”,不用“much”或“little”,而要用“large”或“small”. e.g.India has a large population. 印度人口众多. Singapore has a small population. 新加坡人口少. 询问某国、某地有多少人口时,不用“How much.？”,而用“How large.？”.在问具体人口时用“What.？”. e.g.What is the population of Canada？ = How large is the population of Canada？ 加拿大的人口有多少？ The population of Canada is about 29 million. 加拿大的人口大约有二千九百万. 2It has a population of about seven and a half million, so it is bigger and busier than Cambridge.它（伦敦）大约有750万人口,所以比剑桥更大更繁忙. （1）million是数词,意思是“百万”.它的用法如下： 当与具体数字连用时,习惯上用单数,而且也不后接介词of.e.g.three million people 三百万人 He was prepared to pay two million. 他愿意支付200万. 但是,后面的名词有了the, these, those等特指限定词修饰时,或其后的接的是us, them 这样的人称代词时,则此时必须用介词 of.e.g.About three million of them have left there. 他们当中约有三百万人离开了那儿. 当不与具体数字连用,而是表示不确定的泛指数时,则不仅要用复数,而且要后接介词of,然后才能接名词. e.g.millions of pounds. 一个粗心的错误使公司蒙受数百镑的损失. 拓展：与million有相同用法的数词还有：hundred（百）, thousand（千）, billion（十亿）.本节课主要学习形容词的比较级的规则变化及用法. （1）规则变化： 类别 构成方法 原级 比较级    单音节词和少数双音节词 一般直接加-er longtalllongertaller不发音的e结尾时加-rlatelargelaterlarger辅音字母加y结尾时把y变i,再加-ereasyhappyeasierhappier重读闭音节结尾并且只有一个辅音字母时,双写最后的辅音字母,再加-erbighot biggerhotter （2）形容词比较级用法 表示两者进行比较时用形容词比较级,最明显的提示词是than,其结构为“A+比较级+than+B”. e.g.Li Leis room is bigger than mine.李雷的房间比我的大. This mooncake is nicer than that one.这块月饼比那块好吃. 有表示程度的副词a little,a bit,a few,a lot,much,even,still,far,rather,any等修饰时,用形容词比较级. e.g.I feel even worse now.我现在觉得更难受了. It is much colder today than before.今天比以前冷得多. 比较级前面可以加上表示具体数量差别的结构,表示具体“大多少”,“小多少”,“长多少”,“短多少”等. e.g.I am two years older than he.我比他大两岁. This building is 20 meters higher than that one.这栋楼房比那栋高20米. 表示“两者之间最一个(of the two)”时,常用“the+比较级”结构. e.g.Mary is the taller of the twins. Mary是双胞胎中的高个子. 表示“越来越”,用比较级重叠结构,即“比较级+and+比较级”,多音节词和部分双音节词时用“more and more+形容词原级”. e.g.Its getting warmer and warmer in spring.春天天气变得越来越暖和. 我们的家乡越来越漂亮了Module 3 Sports节课进一步学习形容词和副词的比较级的规则变化和不规则变化 （1）规则变化： 类别 构成方法 原级 比较级 多音节词和部分双音节词 在原级前加morecarefulbeautifulmore carefulmore beautiful在原级前加lessimportantusefulless importantless useful（2）不规则变化： 原级 比较级 good/well（身体好的） bettermany/muchmorebad/illworselittlelessfar farther(较远)further(进一步)old olderelder(较年长的)（3）形容词和副词比较级用法 表示两者进行比较时用比较级,最明显的提示词是than,其结构为“A+比较级+than+B”. e.g.The sun is bigger than the moon.太阳比月亮更大. This painting is nicer than that one.这幅绘画比那幅更漂亮. 有表示程度的副词a little,a bit,a few,a lot,much,even,still,far,rather,any等修饰时,用比较级. e.g.I feel even better now.我现在觉得好多了. It is much cooler today than before.今天比以前凉爽得多. 比较级前面可以加上表示具体数量差别的结构,表示具体“大多少”,“小多少”,“长多少”,“短多少”等. e.g.This house is 10 meters higher than that one.这栋楼房比那栋高10米. 表示“两者之间最一个(of the two)”时,常用“the+比较级”结构. e.g.Mary is the fatter of the twins. Mary是双胞胎中较胖的. 表示“越来越”,用比较级重叠结构,即“比较级+and+比较级”,多音节词和部分双音节词时用“more and more+形容词原级”. e.g.Its getting warmer and warmer in spring.春天天气变得越来越暖和. 我们的城市越来越漂亮了. 表示“越就越”时,用“the+比较级,the+比较级”结构. e.g.The busier he is, the happier he feels. 他越忙越高兴. Module 4 Planes, ships and trains（1）规则变化： 类别 构成方法 原级 最高级 单音节词和少数双音节词 一般直接加-est longtalllongesttallest不发音的e结尾时加-stlatelargelatestlargest辅音字母加y结尾时把y变i,再加-esteasyhappyeasiesthappiest重读闭音节结尾并且只有一个辅音字母时,双写最后的辅音字母,再加-estbighot biggesthottest多音节词和部分双音节词 在原级前加mostcarefulbeautifulmost carefulmost beautiful在原级前加leastimportantusefulleast importantleast useful（2）不规则变化： 原级 最高级 good/well（身体好的） bestmany/muchmostbad/illworstlittleleastfar farthest(更远的)furthest(最大程度)old oldesteldest(较年长的)（3）形容词最高比较级用法 表示三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时,用最高级形式.形容词最高级前必须加定冠词the,句末常跟一个in/of短语来表示范围.（of表示同范围,in表示不同范围） e.g.He is the strongest of the three boys.在三个男孩子中,他是最强壮的. Shanghai is the biggest city in China.上海是中国最大的城市. 表示在三者或三者以上的人或物进行选择时,用“Which/Who is+the+最高级,A,B or C？”结构. e.g.Which city is the most beautiful, Beijing, Shanghai or Fuzhou？ 哪个城市最漂亮,北京,上海还是福州？ 表示“最的之一”时,用“one of the+形容词最高级”结构,该形容词后面的名词要用复数形式. e.g.Zhou Jielun is one of the most popular singers.周杰伦是最受欢迎的歌星之一. 形容词最高级前面可以加序数词,表示“第几最”. e.g.The Changjiang River is the first longest river in China.长江是中国第一大长河. 形容词最高级前面可以有物主代词,指示代词,名词所有格等修饰,但此时不能再用定冠词the. e.g.This is our last lesson today.这是我们今天的最后一节课. 形容词比较级结构可以表示最高级含义. e.g.Li Lei is the tallest student in his class.李雷是班上最高的学生. =Li Lei is taller than any other student in his class.李雷比班上其他任何一个学生都高. =Li Lei is taller than the other students in his class.李雷比班上其他所有的学生都高. =Li Lei is taller than anyone else in his class.李雷比班上其他任何人都高. Module 5 Lao She Teahouse重点知识讲解 1offer （1）做动词,意思是“提供；提议；提出”.常用的搭配： offer sth. e.g.Many people willingly offered their blood. 很多人自愿献血. offer sb. sth.=offer sth. to sb. 把某物给予某人 e.g.The young man offered the old man his own seat on the bus. =The young man offered his own seat to the old man on the bus. 那个年轻人在公共汽车上将自己的座位让给了那位老人. offer to do sth. 主动提出做某事 e.g.She offered to lend me her bike. 她提出将自行车借给我. （2）做名词,表示愿做某事或给予某物(后接of/to do sth) .e.g.Thank you for your kind offer of helping me. = Thank you for your kind offer to help me. 谢谢你提供的帮助. 2.Show show做及物动词,意为“展示；显示；给看”,show后可接双宾语. show sb. sth.或show sth. to sb.给某人看或者展示某物e.g.Show me your pen, please.=Show your pen to me, please.请让我看一下你的钢笔.Show your tickets, please.请出示车票.注意：在“show+间接宾语+直接宾语”结构中,若直接宾语为指物的代词it或them时,只能用“show it(them) to sb.”结构. 你有一支钢笔,请给我看看. You have a new pen, please show it to me. You have a new pen, please show me it. × 意为“带领”,常构成短语show sb. to, 意为“带某人去”；show sb. around,意为“带某人参观”.e.g.Please show me to your school. 请带我到你们学校去. Uncle Wang is going to show us around his farm. 王叔叔将带领我们参观他的农场. show+ that从句 看出或者显示说明 e.g.Your homework shows that you are careful.从你的作业上可以看出你很认真. 此外,show还可用作名词,意为“展览；陈列；演出”,常构成短语on show,意为“陈列,展览” . e.g.There is going to be a picture show in our school. 我们学校将举办一次画展. His pictures are on show now.他的画现在正在展览. 3If you like the Beijing Opera, traditional music or magic shows, you can enjoy them at the teahouse.如果你喜欢京剧、传统音乐和魔术表演,你可以在这家茶馆里欣赏到它们. （1）这个句子是一个由if引导的条件状语从句.if是连词,意思是“如果；若”.主句是you can enjoy them at the teahouse,从句是you like the Beijing opera, traditional music or magic shows. 思考：如何使用if条件状语从句呢？ 在句中做条件状语的从句是条件状语从句,可以放在句首,也可以放在句末.常见的if条件状语从句表示在某条件下,某事很可能发生.紧跟在if后面的句子是从句. e.g.If you ask him,he will help you 如果你请他帮忙,他会帮你的. If you fail in the exam,you will let him down 如果你考试不及格,你会让他失望的. 另外,if从句还表示不可实现的条件或根本不可能存在的条件,也就是一种虚拟的条件或假设.从句多用一般过去时或过去完成时,表示对现在或过去的一种假设. e.g.If I were you,I would invite him to the party 如果我是你,我会邀请他参加聚会. 学习小窍门： if 条件句不一般,几个要点记心间； 条件句,放在前,逗号要放句中间. 条件句表可能,主句多用将来时； 条件句表事实,主句常用现在时. if：当“是否”讲时,引导宾语从句. e.g.I dont know if he will be free tomorrow.我不知道他明天是否有空. 注意：if引导的条件状语从句中,如果主句使用的是一般将来时,或含有情态动词的句子或祈使句,从句通常用一般现在时. e.g.If it rains tomorrow, we will not go to the zoo.如果明天下雨的话,我们将不去动物园. 如果他来,让我知道. （从句用一般现在时,主句是祈使句）难点知识讲解：动词不定式（I） （1）动词不定式的含义 生活中我们常遇到“我努力去理解”、“决定留下来”等表达方式,其中连续出现了两个动词,这种情况下英语应该如何表达呢？首先请看下面的例句： We decided to stay for a cup of tea.我们决定留下来喝杯茶. I tried to understand the words.我努力理解这些话. I want to go to the teahouse.我想去茶馆. 这三个句子中使用了decide to do sth.,want to do sth.,try to do sth.的表达方式,即行为动词后的动词都采用了“to+动词原形”的结构.我们把这种结构称为动词不定式.其否定形式是“not to do”. （2）动词不定式作宾语的用法 动词不定式置于谓语动词之后,作动词的宾语,表明意图、希望或决定的内容. 在英语中,并不是所有两个动词连用时都采用“动词+不定式”的形式,一般说来,用不定式时,所表示的多为将来的行为.但是在具体使用中同学们还要注意记忆,因为动词不同,其后动词形式的要求也就不同.常见的后面接“to十动词原形”作宾语的动词有：plan, decide, hope, want, agree, offer, try, like, love等.口诀（接不定式作宾语的动词）想要学习 早打算（ want learn plan）快准备 有希望（ prepare hope wish expect）同意否 供选择（agree offer choose）决定了 已答应（decide determine promise）尽力去 着手做（manage undertake）别拒绝 别假装（refuse pretend）失败不是属于你（fail）e.g.Tom refused to lend me his pen.汤姆拒绝把他的钢笔借给我.We hope to get there before dark.我们希望在天黑之前到达那儿.The girl decided to do it herself.这个女孩决定自己做.注意：某些及物动词可用-ing也可用动词不定式作宾语,但意义不同的有：Module 6 Animals in danger1.形容词变成副词的规律. 一般在形容词的词尾加-ly可以变成副词.例如：quickquickly, slowslowly, loudloudly, suddensuddenly等. 特殊情况： 构成方法 例子 一些以“辅音字母+y”结尾的形容词,要把y改为i再加-ly. happyhappily,angryangrily有些以-ble或-le结尾的形容词,去掉e加-y.  possiblepossiblyterribleterribly少数以e结尾的形容词,要去掉e再加-ly. 但绝大多数以e结尾的形容词仍然直接加-ly. truetrulypolitepolitelywidewidely以-l结尾的形容词变为副词时仍然要在词尾加-ly,而不是只加-y.除非是以-ll结尾的才在词尾只加-y. carefulcarefullyusefulusefullyfullfully温馨提示：副词修饰行为动词这一点.如： He is very _(careful).He does everything _(carefully)第一句中是作表语,用形容词careful；第二句中修饰行为动词does用副词carefully. 常考的形容词和副词辨析有：hard 努力hardly 几乎不；late迟的,晚的lately 近来；deep 深deeply 深深地；near靠近nearly 差不多；wide 宽widely 广泛地；high高的highly 高度地；close 靠近的closely 密切地； free免费的freely 自由地. 典例剖析： Tom studies _ but his sister _ studies.Ahard,hardBhardly,hardlyChard,hardlyDhardly,hard答案：C解题技巧： 此题第一个陷阱是hard和hardly的区别,通常我们会认为hard的副词是hardly,事实上hard既是adj.又是adv.,而hardly是另外一个adv.,中文是“几乎不”.hard作为adv.时,通常在修饰的动词之后,而hardly通常在动词之前,译这句中文“Tom学习努力,而他的妹妹则几乎不学习.”同根副词意义有别的. 4-ing形容词和-ed形容词的区别. -ing形容词 -ed形容词 例句 interesting有趣的  interested感兴趣的 I have an interesting book.He is interested in science.exciting令人兴奋的  excited感到兴奋的  Have you heard of the exciting news？ We are excited about the traveling.moving令人感动的  moved受感动的  Titanic is a moving film.We are moved by Hong Zhanhui deeply.表示主动意义,多指事物对人的影响,一般修饰事物.  表示被动意义,多指人对事物的感受,主语一般是人,常用于“sb.+-ed形容词+介词”结构. We are all interested in the interesting story. 5复习动词不定式. （1）不定式的基本形式是“to动词原形”,或省略to用动词原形.在句中使用时不能作谓语,但可以和自己的宾语或状语构成不定式短语. e.g.The mother wants her to read English every day.母亲要她的儿子每天读英语. My mother asked me not to read in bed.我的母亲要求我不要躺在床上看书. （2）不定式的句法作用： 动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的作用,它可以作宾语、宾补和状语. 作宾语 e.g.He wants to go out with her.他想和她一起出去.（want to do sth.意为“想要做某事”） 注意： a. 一些谓语动词后只能用不定式作宾语,常见的这类词是表示命令、打算或希望,如：would like, want, wish, hope, decide, plan, expect等. e.g.Would you like to see a film this evening？ 你今晚想去看电影吗？ b. 在find, think后跟不定式作宾语时,常用it代替,而将真正的宾语放在句末. e.g.I find it easy to read English every day.我发现每天读英语很简单. 作宾语补足语：动词不定式作宾补时,它与宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系. e.g.Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.露丝要他关小收音机.(他关小收音机)注意：动词不定式在使役动词make, let和感官动词see, watch, hear, feel等词后作宾补时,常省去不定式符号to.had better, would rather后的不定式也不带to,help后的不定式可带to,也可不带to. e.g.Her mother makes her do homework every evening.她母亲要她每天晚上都写作业. Lets see the dolphins. 我们去看海豚吧. I hear her sing every day. 我听见她每天都唱歌. Youd better do homework first.你最好先做作业. 但make, see, hear等词在被动语态中,其后的不定式要带to. e.g.She was heard to speak English.有人听到她说英语. 作目的状语,表示某一动作或状态的目的,常常翻译成“为了”.它可置于句首或者句末.为了使目的意义更加清楚或表示强调意义时,还可以在前面加 in order to或so as to. e.g.Mrs. Wang went to Shanghai to see her d