英语词汇学（英文版）English Lexicology (II).ppt

,“Without grammar very little can be conveyed,without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.”,English Lexicology(II),English Lexicology(II),2,Contents,5.Word-Formation I:the Major Processes6.Word-Formation II:the Minor Processes7.Motivation,To be continued,Chapter 5 Word-Formation I:The Major Processes,5.1 General Remarks5.2 Prefixation5.3 Suffixation 5.4 Conversion5.5 Compounding,English Lexicology(II),4,5.1 General Remarks,The three major processesaffixation or derivation(17.5%)Prefixationsuffixationconversion(10.5%)composition or compounding(27%),English Lexicology(II),5,5.2 Prefixation,The definition of prefixationPrefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning.However,there is an insignificant number of class-changing prefixesNon-class-changing prefixes:natural-unnatural,like-dislike,fair-unfair Class-changing prefixes:force-enforce,danger-endanger,form-deform,little-belittle,war-postwar,college-intercollege,English Lexicology(II),6,5.2 Prefixation,The classification of prefixesIn some reference books,prefixes(and suffixes)are classified according to their source,but this does not seem to help from a practical point of view.It seems more helpful to classify the most important productive prefixes by their meaning into the following ten categories:,English Lexicology(II),7,5.2 Prefixation,1)Negative prefixes,English Lexicology(II),8,5.2 Prefixation,OrderLiterateSymmetryGovernmental RelevantProductiveBelievable VulnerableSaneRelated AlignedMature,DisorderIlliterateAsymmetryNongovernmental IrrelevantUnproductiveUnbelievable InvulnerableInsaneUnrelatedNonalignedImmature,English Lexicology(II),9,5.2 Prefixation,2)Reversative or privative,English Lexicology(II),10,5.2 Prefixation,CentralizePlaneInfectZip RegulatePossessPollute,DecentralizeDeplaneDisinfect Unzip DeregulateDispossess Depollute,English Lexicology(II),11,5.2 Prefixation,3)Pejorative prefixes,English Lexicology(II),12,5.2 Prefixation,4)Prefixes of degree or size,English Lexicology(II),13,5.2 Prefixation,ComputerCriticalConsciousNaturalSensitiveSimpleNumberStatementculture,MinicomputerUltracritic/hypercriticSubconsciousSupernaturalHypersensitive/ultrasensitiveOversimpleOutnumberUnderstatementSubculture,English Lexicology(II),14,5.2 Prefixation,5)Prefixes of orientation and attitude,English Lexicology(II),15,5.2 Prefixation,6)Locative prefixes,English Lexicology(II),16,5.2 Prefixation,ViewConferenceContinentalGroundCastSpecificRacialShore,InterviewteleconferenceIntercontinentalForegroundTelecast TranspacificTransracial Foreshore,English Lexicology(II),17,5.2 Prefixation,7)Prefixes of time and order,English Lexicology(II),18,5.2 Prefixation,8)Number prefixes,English Lexicology(II),19,5.2 Prefixation,Lingual Lateral Polar Dimensional,Unilingual,bilingual,trilingual,multilingualUnilateral,bilateral,trilateral,multilateralUnipolar,bipolar,tripolar,multipolarUnidimensional,bidimensional,tridimensional(three-dimensional),multidimensional,English Lexicology(II),20,5.2 Prefixation,9)Conversion prefixes,English Lexicology(II),21,5.2 Prefixation,10)Miscellaneous prefixes,English Lexicology(II),22,5.3 Suffixation,The definition of suffixationSuffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem,suffixes have only a small semantic role,their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems.In other words,they mainly change the word class.However,they may also add attached meaning to the stem.,English Lexicology(II),23,5.3 Suffixation,The classification of suffixesSince suffixes mainly change the word class,we shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into1)noun suffixes 2)adjective suffixes3)adverb suffixes4)verb suffixes,English Lexicology(II),24,5.3 Suffixation,1)Noun suffixesNoun suffixes may be subdivided into the following five kinds.Denominal nouns(concrete or abstract)Deverbal nounsDe-adjectival nounsNoun and adjective suffixes,English Lexicology(II),25,5.3 Suffixation,1)Noun suffixes,English Lexicology(II),26,5.3 Suffixation,1)Noun suffixes,English Lexicology(II),27,5.3 Suffixation,1)Noun suffixes,English Lexicology(II),28,5.3 Suffixation,1)Noun suffixes,English Lexicology(II),29,5.3 Suffixation,1)Noun suffixes,English Lexicology(II),30,5.3 Suffixation,2)Adjective Suffixes,English Lexicology(II),31,5.3 Suffixation,2)Adjective Suffixes,English Lexicology(II),32,5.3 Suffixation,2)Adjective Suffixes,English Lexicology(II),33,5.3 Suffixation,3)Adverb Suffixes,English Lexicology(II),34,5.3 Suffixation,4)Verb suffixes,English Lexicology(II),35,5.3 Suffixation,FalseSterileIntenseFatHorrorMemoryApology,FalsifySterilizeIntensifyFattenHorrifyMemorizeApologize,English Lexicology(II),36,5.4 Conversion,The definition of conversionConversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix.It is also called zero derivation(零位派生).,English Lexicology(II),37,5.4 Conversion,Major types of conversionNoun-verb conversionVerb-noun conversionAdjective-noun conversion,English Lexicology(II),38,5.4 Conversion,Noun-verb conversionHe elbowed his way through the crowd.Problems snowballed by the hour.The newspaper headlined his long record of accomplishments.Kissinger got the plans and helicoptered to Camp David.,English Lexicology(II),39,5.4 Conversion,AbuseAdviceHouseUseBeliefGriefShelfmouth,AbuseAdviseHouseUseBelieveGrieveShelveMouth,Changes of pronunciation and spelling,English Lexicology(II),40,5.4 Conversion,Verb-noun conversionHe was admitted to the university after a three-year wait.This little restaurant is quite a find.It is a good buy.He took a close look at the machine.doubt,smell,desire,want,attempt,hit,reply,divide,English Lexicology(II),41,5.4 Conversion,Verb-noun conversionPhrasal verb-noun conversion,English Lexicology(II),42,5.4 Conversion,ConflictAbstractContrastDecreaseDiscountExportRebel,PermitProgressProtestTransferTransplant SurveyTorment,Shift of stress,English Lexicology(II),43,5.4 Conversion,Adjective-noun conversionPartial conversionComplete conversion,English Lexicology(II),44,5.4 Conversion,Adjective-noun conversionPartial conversionDenoting a quality or a state common to a group of person:the deaf,the blind,the poor,the woundedDenoting peoples of a nation(ending in sh,-se,-ch):the English,the Chinese,the Danish,the ScotchDenoting a quality in the abstract:a strong dislike for the sentimental,to distinguish the false and the true,from the sublime to the ridiculousDenoting a single person(converted from participles):the accused,the deceased,the deserted,the condemned,English Lexicology(II),45,5.4 Conversion,Adjective-noun conversionComplete conversionA native,two natives,a returned nativeHe is a natural for the job.Tom is one of our regulars,he comes in for a drink about this time every night.To them she is not a brusque crazy,but appropriately passionate.They are the creatives in the advertising department.,English Lexicology(II),46,5.5 Compounding,The definition of compoundingComposition or compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit,a compound word.It is a common device which has been productive at every period of the English language.Today the largest number of new words are formed by compounding.,English Lexicology(II),47,5.5 Compounding,Forms of compoundsSolid:bedtime,honeymoonHyphenated:above-mentioned,town-planningOpen:reading material,hot line,English Lexicology(II),48,5.5 Compounding,Types of compoundsNoun compoundsAdjective compoundsVerb compounds,English Lexicology(II),49,5.5 Compounding,Noun compoundsHeadache,housekeeping,hot line,swimming pool,raindrop,breakdown,biological clock,identity crisis,English Lexicology(II),50,5.5 Compounding,Adjective compoundsWeather-beaten rocks,peaceloving people,everlasting friendship,a difficult-to-operate machine,a made-up story,an on the spot inspection,taxfree products,fire-proof dress,English Lexicology(II),51,5.5 Compounding,Verb compoundsFormed by back-formationhouse-keep from housekeeper windowshop from window-shopping mass produce from mass production hen-peck from hen-pecked spoon-feed from spoon-fed.,English Lexicology(II),52,5.5 Compounding,Verb compoundsFormed by conversionto blue-print,to cold-shoulder,to outline,to honeymoon,to snowball,to chain-smoke,to sweet-talk,to job-hop.,Chapter 6 Word-Formation II:The Minor Processes,6.1 Blending6.2 Backformation6.3 Shortening6.4 Analogy,English Lexicology(II),54,6.1 Blending,The definition of blendingBlending（拼缀法）is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining parts of two words.The result of such a process is called a blend or telescopic word or portmanteau word.Blending is thus a process of both compounding and abbreviation.Structurally blends may be divided into four types(see page 45-46).,English Lexicology(II),55,6.1 Blending,Examplesnewscast(newsbroadcast)brunch(breakfastlunch)smog(smokefog)talkathon(talkmarathon)slimnastics(slimgymnastics)videophone(video telephone),English Lexicology(II),56,6.1 Blending,sci-fihi-fiworkaholicstagflationUnicomsitcommoteldawk,sciencefiction highfidelity workalcoholic stagnationinflation United Communicationssituationcomedymotorhoteldovehawk,English Lexicology(II),57,6.2 Backformation,The definition of backformationBack-formation（逆成法）is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed suffix.It is also known as a reverse derivation.,English Lexicology(II),58,6.2 Backformation,Examplesedit from editorautomate from automationenthuse from enthusiasmgloom from gloomydonate from donationbrainwash from brainwashingsleep-walk from sleep-walking,English Lexicology(II),59,6.3 Shortening,Types of shortening or abbreviation（缩略法）1)clipped words（剪切词）:those created by clipping part of the word(usually a noun),leaving only a piece of the old word.The clipped form is normally regarded as informal.,English Lexicology(II),60,6.3 Shortening,Types of shortening or abbreviation（缩略法）2)initialisms（首字母连写词）:a type of shortening,using the first letters of words to form a proper name,a technical term,or a phrase;an initialism is pronounced letter by letter.,English Lexicology(II),61,6.3 Shortening,Types of shortening or abbreviation（缩略法）3)acronyms（首字母拼音词）:words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words.Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.,English Lexicology(II),62,6.3 Shortening,1)Clipped wordsad=advertisementexpo=expositionphone=telephonepro=professionalmemo=memorandumtec=detectiveheli or copter=helicoptercomfy=comfortable,English Lexicology(II),63,6.3 Shortening,gymnasium dormitory handkerchief gasoline kilogram influenza business parachute refrigerator taxicab,gymdormhankyGaskiloflubizchutefridgetaxi or cab,Give clippings for the following words,English Lexicology(II),64,6.3 Shortening,2)InitialismsIOC=International Olympic CommitteeBBC=British Broadcasting CorporationISBN=International Standard Book NumberCAD=computer assisted designcm=centimeterTB=tuberculosis,English Lexicology(II),65,6.3 Shortening,CPUDIYCEOITAISOSIDDGMTVIPP.S.a.m.p.m.,central processing unitDo it yourselfChief Executive OfficerInformation technologyartificial intelligenceSave our shipinternational direct dialGreenwich Mean Timevery important personpostscriptante meridiempost meridiem,Write out in full the following initialisms,English Lexicology(II),66,6.3 Shortening,3)AcronymsBasic=Beginners All-purpose Symbolic InstructionTEFL=teaching English as a foreign languageUNESCO=the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural OrganizationSars=Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome,English Lexicology(II),67,6.3 Shortening,TofelROMNATOFIFAAidsradar,Test of English as a foreign languageread only memoryThe North Atlantic Treaty organizationFederation Internationale de FootballAcquired Immune Deficiency syndromeRadio detecting and ranging,Write out in full the following acronyms,English Lexicology(II),68,6.4 Analogy,The definition of analogy（类比）The process by which words or phrases are created or re-formed according to the existing patterns in the language,English Lexicology(II),69,6.4 Analogy,ExamplesMarathon-telethon,talkathonblue-collar workers-white-collar workers,gray-collar workers,pink-collar workers,gold-collar workersenvironmental pollution-visual or eye pollution,noise pollution,cultural pollution,graffiti pollutionFirst Family-First Lady,First Dog Landscape-moonscape,marscapeBirds eye-fish-eye,worms-eye,cats-eye,Chapter 7 Motivation,7.1 Conventionality and Motivation7.2 Onomatopoeic motivation7.3 Morphological motivation7.4 Semantic motivation7.5 Logical motivation7.6 Motivation and Culture,English Lexicology(II),71,7.1 Conventionality and Motivation,Meaning(Concept),Word,Triangle of significance（词义三角）,Form,Referent,.,English Lexicology(II),72,7.1 Conventionality and Motivation,The debate over the connection between sound and meaningThe naturalists maintain there is a natural/intrinsic connection between sound and meaning.The Conventionalists,on the other hand,hold that the relations between sound and meaning are conventional and arbitrary.The meaning of a word is a kind of linguistic social contract.,English Lexicology(II),73,7.1 Conventionality and Motivation,Conventionality（约定俗成）Whats in a name?That we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet.-Shakespeare:Romeo and JulietWords have no meaning,people have meaning for them.-Eric Partridge,English Lexicology(II),74,7.1 Conventionality and Motivation,Conventionality树-Chinese木-Japanesearbre-Frenchbaun-Germany,English Lexicology(II),75,7.1 Conventionality and Motivation,Motivation（理据）Motivation deals with the connection between name(word-symbol)and its sense(meaning).It is the relationship between the word structure and its meaning.,English Lexicology(II),76,7.1 Conventionality and Motivation,Non-motivated and motivatedFrom the point of view of motivation,the great majority of English words are nonmotivated,since they are conventional,arbitrary symbols.However,there is a small group of words that can be described as motivated,that is,a direct or somewhat connection between the symbol and its sense can be readily observed.,English Lexicology(II),77,7.1 Conventionality and Motivation,Examples of motivationThe pigeon coos.airmail,miniskirt,hopelessa coat of paintHe has a stony heart.The question was like the Sphinxs riddle to them.,English Lexicology(II),78,7.1 Conventionality and Motivation,Types of motivationOnomatopoeic motivationMorphological motivationSemantic motivationLogical motivationMotivation and Culture,English Lexicology(II),79,7.2 Onomatopoeic motivation,Onomatopoeic motivation（拟声理据）means defining the principle of motivation by sound.Words motivated phonetically are called onomatopoeic words,whose pronunciation sugges