建筑专业英语 贝聿铭.doc

I. M. PeiIeoh Ming Pei (born 26 April 1917), commonly known by his initials I. M. Pei, is a Chinese American architect, often called a master of modern architecture. Born in Guangzhou and raised in Hong Kong and Shanghai, Pei drew inspiration at an early age from the gardens at Suzhou. In 1935 he moved to the United States and enrolled in the University of Pennsylvania's architecture school, but quickly transferred to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. and spent his free time researching the emerging architects, especially Le Corbusier. After graduating, he joined the Harvard Graduate School of Design and became friends with the Bauhaus architects Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer. Pei spent ten years working with New York real estate magnate William Zeckendorf before establishing his own independent design firm that eventually became Pei Cobb Freed & Partners. Among the early projects on which Pei took the lead were the L'Enfant Plaza Hotel in Washington, DC and the Green Building at MIT. His first major recognition came with the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Colorado; his new stature led to his selection as chief architect for the John F. Kennedy Library in Massachusetts. He went on to design Dallas City Hall and the East Building of the National Gallery of Art.He returned to China for the first time in 1974 to design a hotel at Fragrant Hills, and designed a skyscraper in Hong Kong for the Bank of China fifteen years later. In the early 1980s, Pei was the focus of controversy when he designed a glass-and-steel pyramid for the Louvre museum in Paris. He later returned to the world of the arts by designing the Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center in Dallas, the Miho Museum in Japan, and the Museum of Islamic Art in Qatar.Pei has won a wide variety of prizes and awards in the field of architecture, including the AIA Gold Medal in 1979, the first Praemium Imperiale for Architecture in 1989, and the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum in 2003. In 1983 he won the Pritzker Prize.Education and formative years194855: Early career work together with Webb and Knappedit 195590: I. M. Pei & AssociatesKennedy LibraryPei considers the John F. Kennedy Library "the most important commission in my life".Pei's first proposed design included a large glass pyramid that would fill the interior with sunlight, meant to represent the optimism and hope that Kennedy's administration had symbolized for so many in the US. Mrs. Kennedy liked the design, but because of Cambridgeeffect, Finally the project moved to Columbia Point, near the University of Massachusetts. The new site was less than ideal; it was located on an old landfill, and just over a large sewage pipe. Pei's architectural team added more fill to cover the pipe and developed an elaborate ventilation system to conquer the odor. A new design was unveiled, combining a large square glass-enclosed atrium with a triangular tower and a circular walkway.Dallas City HallWorking with his associate Theodore, Pei developed a design centered on a building with a top much wider than the bottom; the facade leans at an angle of 34 degrees. A plaza stretches out before the building, and a series of support columns holds it up. It was influenced by Le Corbusier's High Court building in Chandigarh, India; Pei sought to use the significant overhang to unify building and plaza. The project cost much more than initially expected, and took 11 years. Revenue was secured in part by including a subterranean parking garage. The interior of the city hall is large and spacious; windows in the ceiling above the eighth floor fill the main space with light. Louvre PyramidThe Louvre Pyramid is a large glass and metal pyramid, surrounded by three smaller pyramids, in the main courtyard (Cour Napoleon) of the Louvre Palace (Palais du Louvre) in Paris. The large pyramid serves as the main entrance to the Louvre Museum. Completed in 1989,1 it has become a landmark of the city of Paris. Design and constructionCommissioned by the President of France François Mitterrand in 1984, it was designed by the architect I. M. Pei, who is responsible for the design of the Miho Museum in Japan among others. The structure, which was constructed entirely with glass segments, reaches a height of 20.6 metres (about 70 feet); its square base has sides of 35 metres (115 ft). It consists of 603 rhombus-shaped and 70 triangular glass segments.The pyramid and the underground lobby beneath it were created because of a series of problems with the Louvre's original main entrance, which could no longer handle an enormous number of visitors on an everyday basis. Visitors entering through the pyramid descend into the spacious lobby then re-ascend into the main Louvre buildings. Several other museums have duplicated this concept, most notably the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago.The construction of the pyramid triggered considerable controversy because many people felt that the futuristic edifice looked quite out of place in front of the Louvre Museum with its classical architecture. Others lauded the juxtaposition of contrasting architectural styles as a successful merger of the old and the new, the classical and the ultra-modern.The main pyramid is actually only the largest of several glass pyramids that were constructed near the museum, including the downward-pointing La Pyramide Inversée that functions as a skylight in an underground mall in front of the museum.Urban legend of 666 panesIt has been claimed by some that the glass panes in the Louvre Pyramid number exactly 666, "the number of the beast", often associated with Satan. Various historical enthusiasts have speculated at the purpose of this factoid. For instance, Dominique Stezepfandt's book François Mitterrand, Grand Architecte de I' Univers declares that "the pyramid is dedicated to a power described as the Beast in the Book of Revelation .The entire structure is based on the number 6."The story of the 666 panes originated in the 1980s, when the official brochure published during construction did indeed cite this number (even twice, though a few pages earlier the total number of panes was given as 672 instead). The number 666 was also mentioned in various newspapers. The Louvre museum however states that the finished pyramid contains 673 glass panes (603 rhombi and 70 triangles).5 A higher figure was obtained by David A. Shugarts, who reports that the pyramid contains 689 pieces of glass.6 Shugarts obtained the figure from the offices of I.M. Pei. Various attempts to actually count the panes in the pyramid have produced slightly discrepant results, but there are definitely more than 666.The myth resurfaced in 2003, when Dan Brown incorporated it in his best-selling novel The Da Vinci Code, in which the protagonist reflects that "this pyramid, at President Mitterrand's explicit demand, had been constructed of exactly 666 panes of glass - a bizarre request that had always been a hot topic among conspiracy buffs who claimed 666 was the number of Satan".National Gallery of Art The National Gallery of Art is a national art museum, located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Open to the public free of charge, the museum was established in 1937 for the people of the United States of America by a joint resolution of the United States Congress, TTwo buildings comprise the museum: the West Building (1941) and the East Building (1978) linked by a spacious underground passage. The West Building, composed of pink Tennessee marble, was designed in 1937 by architect John Russell Pope in a neoclassical style.(as is Pope's other notable Washington, D.C. building, the Jefferson Memorial). Designed in the form of an elongated H, the building is centered on a domed rotunda modeled on the interior of the Pantheon in Rome. Extending east and west from the rotunda, a pair of high, skylit sculpture halls provide its main circulation spine. Bright garden courts provide a counterpoint to the long main axis of the building.In contrast, the design of the East Building by architect I. M. Pei is rigorously geometrical, dividing the trapezoidal shape of the site into two triangles: one isosceles and the other a smaller right triangle. The space defined by the isosceles triangle came to house the museum's public functions. That outlined by the right triangle became the study center. The triangles in turn became the building's organized motif, echoed and repeated in every dimension. The building's most dramatic feature is its high atrium designed as an open interior court, it is enclosed by a sculptural space frame spanning 16,000 square feet (1,500 m2). The atrium is centered on the same axis that forms the circulation spine for the West Building and constructed in the same Tennessee marble. The East Building focuses on modern and contemporary art, with a collection including works by Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Jackson Pollock, Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein and Alexander Calder. The East Building also contains the main offices of the NGA and a large research facility, Center for the Advanced Study in the Visual Arts (CASVA).The two buildings are connected by a walkway beneath 4th street, called "the Concourse" on the museum's map. In 2008, the National Gallery of Art commissioned American artist Leo Villareal to transform the Concourse into an artistic installation. Today, Multiverse is the largest and most complex light sculpture by Villareal featuring approximately 41,000 computer-programmed LED nodes that run through channels along the entire 200-foot (61 m)-long space.7 The concourse also includes the food court and a gift shop.贝聿铭贝聿铭 （生于1917年4月26日）是一个通常称为现代建筑主义的美籍华人建筑师。出生于广州在香港和上海长大，小时候就在苏州的花园里画灵感画。1935年他移居美国并就读于宾州大学的建筑学院，但很快转移到美国麻省理工学院 。 Beaux-Arts architecture , and spent his free time researching the emerging architects, especially Le Corbusier .并利用他的自由时间研究新兴的建筑师，尤其是柯布西耶 。 After graduating, he joined the Harvard Graduate School of Design (GSD) and became friends with the Bauhaus architects Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer .毕业后，他加入了哈佛大学设计学院的研究生，并与包豪斯建筑师沃尔特格罗皮乌斯和马塞尔布鲁尔 成为了朋友。 Pei spent ten years working with New York real estate magnate William Zeckendorf before establishing his own independent design firm that eventually became Pei Cobb Freed & Partners .贝聿铭在建立自己独立的设计公司之前，花了十年年头与纽约房地产大亨威廉Zeckendorf合作。 Among the early projects on which Pei took the lead were the L'Enfant Plaza Hotel in Washington, DC and the Green Building at MIT.其中贝聿铭领导参加了的早期项目有华盛顿特区的欧莱雅Enfant广场酒店和麻省理工学院绿色建筑。 His first major recognition came with the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Colorado; his new stature led to his selection as chief architect for the John F. Kennedy Library in Massachusetts.他的第一次被郑重承认是在他想出了一个在美国科罗拉多州的国家大气研究中心开始的，他的新地位导致了他的选择，作为首席设计师设计了在马萨诸塞州约翰肯尼迪图书馆。 He went on to design Dallas City Hall and the East Building of the National Gallery of Art .他继续设计达拉斯市政厅和东方大厦国家艺术馆 。 1974年He returned to China for the first time in 1974 to design a hotel at Fragrant Hills , and designed a skyscraper in Hong Kong for the Bank of China fifteen years later.他第一次回到了中国在酒店设计香山 ，并设计一个香港的摩天大楼中国银行。十五年后。 In the early 1980s, Pei was the focus of controversy when he designed a glass-and-steel pyramid for the Louvre museum in Paris.在80年代初，他设计是争议的焦点，当他以玻璃和钢金字塔为罗浮宫巴黎博物馆研究。 He later returned to the world of the arts by designing the Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center in Dallas, the Miho Museum in Japan, and the Museum of Islamic Art in Qatar .后来他回到了艺术世界设计了达拉斯莫顿阁下梅尔森交响乐中心，日本美秀博物馆和卡塔尔伊斯兰艺术博物馆。 Pei has won a wide variety of prizes and awards in the field of architecture, including the AIA Gold Medal in 1979, the first Praemium Imperiale for Architecture in 1989, and the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum in 2003.贝聿铭赢得了包括外地的建筑各种奖金和奖项包括1979年的金奖友邦保险，1989年设计的第一个日本皇家世界文化的建筑，2003年库珀休伊特国家设计博物馆获终身成就奖。 In 1983 he won the Pritzker Prize , sometimes called the Nobel Prize of architecture. 1983年，他赢得了普利策奖。 职业生涯 edit 194855: Early career with Webb and Knapp48年至55年：职业生涯早期和纳普韦布合作 edit 195590: IM Pei & Associates1955年至1990年：贝聿铭事务所 约翰肯尼迪图书馆Pei considers the John F. Kennedy Library "the most important commission in my life". 56 贝聿铭认为约翰肯尼迪图书馆 “在我生命中最重要的委员会”。 Pei's first proposed design included a large glass pyramid that would fill the interior with sunlight, meant to represent the optimism and hope that Kennedy's administration had symbolized for so many in the US.贝聿铭的设计包括首先提出一个巨大的玻璃金字塔填补室内的阳光，这样能代表乐观，并希望肯尼迪政府曾在美国有这么大的象征。这是Mrs. Kennedy liked the design, but resistance began in Cambridge, the first proposed site for the building, as soon as the project was announced.肯尼迪夫人喜欢的设计，但由于剑桥的影响， Finally the project moved to Columbia Point , near the University of Massachusetts .最后，项目转移到哥伦比亚点 ，马萨诸塞大学附近的。 The new site was less than ideal; it was located on an old landfill, and just over a large sewage pipe.新地点是不够理想的，它设在一个旧垃圾填埋场刚好通过一大型污水管道。 Pei's architectural team added more fill to cover the pipe and developed an elaborate ventilation system to conquer the odor.贝聿铭的建筑队增加了更多的填埋管道，并制定了一个详细的通风系统，以征服的气味。 A new design was unveiled, combining a large square glass-enclosed atrium with a triangular tower and a circular walkway. 59 推出一个新的设计，结合大方形玻璃封闭心房的三角塔和一个圆形走道。 达拉斯市政厅的设计主要理念是Pei's approach to the new Dallas City Hall mirrored those of other projects; he surveyed the surrounding area and worked to make the building fit.商务高楼与公私营部门的相互对话”。 66 Working with his associate Theodore Musho, Pei developed a design centered on a building with a top much wider than the bottom; the facade leans at an angle of 34 degrees.与他的同伴西奥多合作，贝聿铭开发的一个具有最高比底部宽建设为中心的设计，立面以34度角倾斜。 A plaza stretches out before the building, and a series of support columns holds it up.伸出前的广场建设，以及支持列系列拥有它。 It was influenced by Le Corbusier's High Court building in Chandigarh , India; Pei sought to use the significant overhang to unify building and plaza.这是受柯布西耶的昌迪加尔高等法院建设 ，贝聿铭试图利用重大悬统一建设和广场。 The project cost much more than initially expected, and took 11 years.该项目的成本远远超过最初的预期，并采取了11年。 Revenue was secured in part by including a subterranean parking garage.部分的收入为担保，包括一个地下停车库。 The interior of the city hall is large and spacious; windows in the ceiling above the eighth floor fill the main space with light. 67 大厅内的城市是宽敞明亮，落地玻璃窗第八天花板的填充空间光为主。罗浮宫金字塔 The Louvre Pyramid ( Pyramide du Louvre ) is a large glass and metal pyramid , surrounded by three smaller pyramids, in the main courtyard ( Cour Napoleon ) of the Louvre Palace ( Palais du Louvre ) in Paris . 卢浮宫金字塔是一座大型的玻璃和金属的金字塔 ，金字塔周围三个小的金字塔，在巴黎卢浮宫主要的庭院。The large pyramid serves as the main entrance to the Louvre Museum .大金字塔作为卢浮宫博物馆的主要入口。1989年完成的，它已经成为巴黎的一个标志。 1设计及建造 1984年受Commissioned by the President of France François Mitterrand in 1984, it was designed by the architect IM Pei , who is responsible for the design of the Miho Museum in Japan