在精炼企业中研究恶臭污染的环境浓度标准毕业论文外文翻译.doc

附录1：外文科技文献翻译在精炼企业中研究恶臭污染的环境浓度标准 张庆同1，2，郭晓慧1，赵东风2 ，赵朝称2(1环境技术研究所，石油大学，北京102249 化学的中心， 中国； 2环境科学和工程系，中国石油大学(Huadong)，东营市区257061，中国，山东)摘要：因为在精炼企业中气味污染相对严重，气味环境标准已被研究， 气味分析方法和欧洲标准的强度分类已被考虑。 澳大利亚制造的动态嗅觉测量器从18个点位置取样用来分析气味。在一特定精炼厂内通过气味浓度和强度之间的关系，以4·m-3 为标准值作为结果。 这是石化企业气味对环境影响评价的一个合理的质量标准。 关键字： 气味； 精炼厂； 环境标准；动态嗅觉测量器1.导言 气味污染作为一种引起社会强烈意识的污染已经引起越来越多的关注。人们对气味在环境影响方面投诉的比例日益增加。但是全球还没有系统性的关于气味的环境标准，这给对气味影响的分析带来一个困难的问题。目前，关于气味的环境质量标准在中国仍然是缺乏。 精炼企业是产生气味污染最严重的行业之一。在复杂的反应过程中会产生大量的令人作呕或敏感的气味物质。每个精练厂的环境全都面临气味污染1恶化的趋势。令人不安的气味酿成的多个事故在石化企业不断发生，这使得迫切需要解决这类难题。为了要建立企业、政府和居民之间更有效的关系和较好的合作，关键是要观察气味污染，而评价先决条件是确保石化企业中气味环境的一个合理的质量标准。研究确定的标准是有利于中国在气味评价技术上的提高。 2.全球的气味调查标准 目前国与国之间在气味发现系统方面存在分歧。 在中国仪器分析和三角形的组合气味袋子方法用来确定气味的影响2 ，而且当前在国际上用动态嗅觉测量器用来检测混合气体的气味浓度而且已经形成相对统一的标准。对于动态嗅觉测量器标准化检测方法的研究是有利于中国提高气味检测技术。 在过去，选择防臭效果的标准依赖于文献和相关数据中的信息，建立一个科学的标准需要可靠的数据和理性分析，最近这项技术已被用来建造防臭效果的标准3-5。“可觉察”等级的气味强度等级已经被用于气味的环境效果标准6 。 在日本的 " 气味预防和控制法律 " 在 1972 年5月7 生已经效，在这种方法中氨，苯乙烯和硫化氢等指定为有限的气味物质且气味浓度等于2.5被确定为工厂的边界标准。 1992年德国工程师协会出版了德国工程师协会3882.1 - Ol嗅觉测量器测定臭气强度，这是澳大利亚1996年在畜牧业上建立的气味影响标准。2003年基于动态嗅觉测量器的欧洲标准被发表了，其中检测方法的气味强度已有所改善。 在美国许多空气污染预防和控制地区的策划和气味控制标准分别成立。例如，在加州海湾区域的排放口最大允许浓度（50 ×气味阈值100 ×气味阈值50 ×气味阈值）被设定成这五种恶臭污染物如甲基硫醚，硫醇类，氨，硫，甲胺和苯酚的标准。许多州，如科罗拉多，明尼苏达州和密苏里州的地区按其职能分为住宅区，工业区，混合区，而且排放口有不同的环境基本评价值 8。 在澳洲的新南威尔斯气味的环境标准是根据被气味影响的人数区分的。 该标准见表1 9 。 澳大利亚环境保护署认为是合理的气味标准应满足的条件为： 7·m-3是合理的，对单个居民来说如果接受点位于气味来源的工厂的边界上气味标准7·m-3是合理的，而如果更多的人受到影响气味标准2·m-3只能是可以接受。 目前的气味标准是将单一气体的浓度视为各种恶臭气体的浓度，这些气体有不同的自然特征，使得在物理强度上有相当大的差异。合理的标准应该的以人感官可接受的气味强度为基础来规定的。 并在最近几年里，先进的动态迫使选择法依靠感觉和视觉大大提高了气味的检测灵敏度。利用动态嗅觉测量器将改善臭气浓度限制标准。目前我国使用的标准是“恶臭污染排放标准” （ GB/T14554-93 ）和“空气质量气味的测定三角气味袋法” （ GB/T14675-93 ）等，但相关的环境质量标准还是缺乏的。 提到国际标准的时候就不得不指出使用不同的 olfactometers 将会影响标准值，其中的差别可能是彼此的3至10倍。在此论文中DynaScent嗅觉仪的使用，大大提高了气味检测的灵敏度。表1 在新南威尔士的环境气味标准被影响的居民环境气味标准/(m-3)市区(2000)2.0500-20003.0125-5004.030-1255.010-306.0个别的居民(2)7.03.仪器和方法3.1主要仪器 主要仪器则列于表2 表2主要仪器和试剂试剂或者仪器模型或者说明工厂DynaScent动态嗅觉仪1.5版环境气味技术和咨询有限公司，澳大利亚空气压缩机安庆市海燕机械厂，中国真空取样桶35L环境气味技术和咨询有限公司，澳大利亚Nalophan取样袋5L，30L环境气味技术和咨询有限公司，澳大利亚正丁醇用分析法纯北京讯蓓芬气体工业有限公司，中国3.2方法 基本的学习方法的气味标准是： （1）用动态嗅觉仪检测气体样品并分析强度; （ 2 ）通过实地试验基于气味强度和气味浓度关系建立气味效果的标准。 不同国家和地区对气味强度分级不同，国内学者认为不能通过建立模型计算确定臭气浓度标准，而是从嗅觉测试，相对标准需要参考10 。合理的气味强度标准应立足于明确的检测和符合标准气味阈值的气味浓度。如果气味强度超过3级，我们可以认为空气已受到污染。这种对气味阈值和气味强度的分析是推断出来的。费希纳公式是测试数据中强度和浓度的关系式，如果公式中的臭气浓度可以达到相应的气味阈值，那么这个浓度就是标准浓度。德国VDI 3882标准是指气味强度的标准对环境的影响固定在3级，这就是标准的阈值。气味强度的7 等级见表 3 。表3 气味强度规模强度水平臭气强度0无明显感觉1弱3十分弱4有感觉5强6十分强7绝对强4.石化炼油厂建立的臭气浓度和强度标准4.1检测炼油厂中的恶臭气体样品 最近某些国内石化企业因工厂的臭气干扰人们的生活一直遭到控诉。随着越来越大生产规模和越来越多含硫原料的使用，使得在复杂的生产过程中产生越越来越多的臭味物质。炼油厂有许多的车间，如蒸馏车间，催化车间，润滑油，改革芳烃车间，加氢裂化车间，焦化车间，原料供应车间，天然气供应车间，硫原料车间，供水和排水系统，综合车间等。从炼油厂以上18个地点收集气体样本。检测结果表明，炼油厂及其周围环境的气味浓度标准是5-367·m-3。其中三个样品的气味强度相对较高，浓度分别为367 ·m-3，、345·m-3 、 154·m-3，表明这三个样品受污染严重。它们是从焦化车间、第三次蒸馏车间和单塔给排水系统取的环境样品。 4.2炼油厂建立的臭气浓度和强度标准 来自每个车间的气味不相同，成分也不尽相同。但主要成分是硫化氢，甲基硫醇，二甲基硫醚和碳氢化合物等，具有一定的共性。通过调查发现在该炼油厂工作的人们对气味有基本相同的感觉。要建立一个适用于所有炼油厂的气味标准，那么假设整个工厂的气味组成是相同的，通过收集不同地区的臭气浓度和强度来确定它们之间的关系。 根据此精练厂的实际情况分三个部分分为加以讨论: 供水和排水区域、北方的区域和南的区域。4.2.1给排水领域气味浓度和强度的研究 给排水领域的污水处理设备主要是负责炼油厂所产生的工业废水。塔汽提设备处理来自接触反应装置、炼焦厂和柴油加氢厂所包含硫磺的废水。 臭味气体主要包含了氨，硫化氢，硫醇，碳氢化合物，苯系物和挥发性脂肪酸等。气体样品臭气强度和浓度之间的关系及分析结果的图1所示。 I=3.282lg(POC)+1.356，DOC（辨别气味的浓度）为3.2·m-3提取的臭气浓度(·m-3)（OU/m3） 图1 供水和排水领域的气体样本气味强度和浓度的之间的关系供水和排水车间是最后的设施但恶臭污染最为严重，那里的臭味物质如硫醇和硫醚具有低气味阈值即使浓度很低也可以感觉到。4.2.2北方地区的气味浓度和强度的研究气体样品臭气强度和浓度之间的关系及分析结果的图2所示。I=2.842lg(POC)+1.299，DOC（辨别气味的浓度）为4.0·m-3提取的臭气浓度(·m-3)（OU/m3）图2 北部地区气体样品的气味强度和浓度之间的关系气体样品是从蒸馏厂、第一催化厂和焦化厂收集的。在有机硫如二甲基硫醚在生产过程中存在，它具有低气味阈值即使浓度很低也可以感觉到。 4.2.3南区的气味的浓度和强度的研究气体样品臭气强度和浓度之间的关系及分析结果的图3所示。 I=3.752lg(POC)+0.996, DOC（辨别气味的浓度）为3.4·m-3气味强度指数 提取的臭气浓度(·m-3)（OU/m3）图3 南部地区气体样品的气味强度和浓度之间的关系 有第二循环水处理设施和催化装置的南部地区臭味污染严重。这里的气体含有硫化物和氮化具有低气味阈值使得可辨别的气味浓度较低。 4.2.4炼油厂臭味的环境标准 18气体样本检测结果已显示在图4 。我们从这些点线性回归可以得到： I=2.918lg(POC)+1.346， DOC（辨别气味的浓度）为3.7·m-3提取的臭气浓度(·m-3)（OU/m3）气味强度指数 图4 炼油厂周围的气味强度和浓度的之间的关系 这四个区域的可辨别气味浓度非常接近：3.2·m-3 ，4.0·m-3，3.4·m-3和3.7·m-3 。这表明最后的浓度值是可信的。 这个炼油厂的气味强度标准是固定在国外气味强度标准的三级强度。气味浓度的标准值为4·m-3 。5结论 论文研究了气味的环境标准，根据国内外的目前情况介绍一些方法用于制定该标准。基于炼油厂的实际情况，通过收集不同的地点的气体样品并加以分析。结果发现该炼油厂中臭味气体所包含的成分具有一定的共性而且在工厂中工作的人们对那里的气味的感觉很接近。 对在炼油厂不同区域采集的气体样品进行检测并加以统计，进而得到气味浓度和强度之间的关系。关系式为I=2.918lg(POC)+1.346。石化企业评估气味环境的一个合理的质量标准是强度等级定为3级且臭气浓度标准值为4·m-3参考文献 1 陈宏国。探索和气味恶臭污染控制的炼油厂。环境PROTECYION在石化行业中， 1995 ， （4）:31 372 科学与技术部和标准，国家环保局。空气质量恶臭的测定三角气味袋method.GB /吨14675-93 ， 1993年（中文）3 指导评估环境因素评估气味影响的新建议;环境保护局：西澳大利亚州， 2002年4 蒋, 气味影响标准用气味强度测量和社区调查在美国的发展：第二届国际会议的空气污染来自农业活动， Desmoines ，保险业监督， 2000年5 蒋，气味影响的标准和澳大利亚养猪业在美国的发展;制备澳大利亚猪肉有限公司，新南威尔士大学：悉尼，澳大利亚， 2001年6 郭J ，梁学者评价恶臭污染的污水处理厂。水利废水.2002 ,18:41 - 42 （中文）7 Katox达夫，一夫智。气味分析仪器。北京：中国环境科学出版社， 1992 。 39 （中文） 8 音响雷;李常健.气味在美国规章和测量。城市环境与城市生态学.2004 ，17 （ 3 ） :40 - 42 （中文） 9 草案政策.气味固定来源的评价和管理NSW.ENVIROMENT 保护权力。.2001 :12 - 1310 石磊，进攻气味强度标准制作方法。城市环境与城市生态.1994 ，7（ 4 ） :32 - 35 （中文）附录2：外文科技文献原文Study on Environmental Concentration Standard of Odor Pollution in Refining EnterprisesZHANG Qingdong1,2, GUO Shaohui1, ZHAO Dongfeng2 & ZHAO Chaocheng2 (1 Environmental Centre of Chemical of Technology Institute, University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; 2 Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Huadong), Dongying 257061, Shandong, China)Abstract: The odor standard of the environment in refining enterprises is studied, for in which the odor pollution are relatively serious. The odor analysis methods and the intensity classification of European standards are consulted. The dynamic olfactometer made in Australia is used to analyze the samplings from 18 point positions. Through the relationship between the odor concentration and the intensity in one certain refinery, the reasonable standard value is suggested to be 4·m-3 as the result. Its a reasonable quality standard of the odor environment assessment for petrochemical enterprises.Keywords: odor; refinery; the environmental standard; the dynamic olfactometer1 IntroductionThe odor pollution, as one kind of the sense social effect pollution, has been paid more and more attention. The proportion to the odor in the environment complaints added increasingly. But there has no systemic environment standard for the odor in the world, which brings a difficult problem to the odor effect analysis. At present, the environmental quality standard about the odor is still lack in China. The refining enterprise is one of the most serious industries producing odor pollution. The complicated process reactions will produce large numbers of odor matters disgusting and sensitive to people. The ambience of each refinery all faced the aggravated tendency of the odor pollution 1. Multiple events of disturbing odor from the petrochemical enterprises have been happened and this makes it urgent to solve the difficult problem. To build more effective relations and better cooperation between the enterprises and the governments and the residents, the key is to evaluate the effect of odor pollution, while the precondition of evaluation is to ensure a reasonable quality standard of the odor environment in the petrochemical enterprises. The study on the determination of the standard is favor of the advancement of the odor evaluation technology in China.2 Survey of Odor Standard in the WorldAt present there exist differences on the odor detection systems between countries. In China the combination of instrumental analysis and triangle odor bag method is used to affirm the odor effect 2, while the dynamic olfactometry is currently used to detect the odor concentration in the mixing gas internationally and a relatively uniform standard has been formed. The study on the standardization of the detection used by the dynamic olfactometry is favor of the advancement of the odor detection technology in China. In the past, the selection of odor effect standard depended on the information from the literatures and relevant data, the establishment of a scientific standard need reliable data and rational analysis, and recently this technology has been used to build the odor effect standard3-5. The “discernable” grades of the odor intensity grading have been used in the environmental effect standard of odor 6.“The Odor Prevention and Control Law” in Japan has come into effect in May, 19727, in which the ammonia, styrene and hydrogen sulfide, etc. are specified as the limited odor matters and the odor concentration equivalent to 2.5 is decided to be the boundary standard of the factories. In 1992 the “VDI 3882.1-Olfactometry-Determination of Odor Intensity” was published by VDI, which was used to build the odor effect standard for the stock raising in Australia in 1996. In 2003 the European standard based on the dynamic olfactometry was issued, in which the detection method to the odor intensity has been improved.In the United States many air pollution prevention and control regions are plotted out and odor control standards are separately established. For example, in Bay region of California, the discharge ports and the maximum permissible concentrations(100×odor threshold and 50×odor threshold) are set to the five odor pollutants such as methyl-thioether, mercaptan-class, ammonia, thi-methylamine and phenol. Many states such as Colorado, Minnesota and Missouri disparted the regions by their functions as the residential areas, the industrial areas, the mixed areas and the discharge ports with different environmental basic values8.In New South Wales of Australia the environmental odor standard is divided by the numbers of people affected by the odor. The standard is in Table.19. The Australia Environment Protection Department considered one rational odor standard should satisfy condition as followed: 7·m-3 is reasonable to the single resident if the receiving point sits on the boundary of a factory with odor source, and 2·m-3 is accepted if more people affected.待添加的隐藏文字内容2The current odor standards are described as single odor concentration to all kinds of odor gases, which have different natural characters to bring relatively large differences on the sensible intensities. The reasonable standard should be ruled by the peoples acceptable sense based on the odor intensity. And in recent years the advanced dynamic forcing selection methods with sense and view has greatly improved the sensitivity of odor detection. The use of the dynamic olfactometry will improve the odor concentration limit in the standards.The current standards used in China are “Emission Standard for Odor Pollution” (GB 14554-93) and “Air quality-Determination of odor-Triangle odor bag method” (GB/T 14675-93), etc. But the relative environmental quality standard is lack.It should be noted that using different olfactometers will influence the value in standards when the international standards are referred, in which the differences may be 3 to 10 times from each other. In this thesis the DynaScent olfactometer used has greatly improved the sensitivity of the odor detection.Table 1 Environmental odor standard in New South Wales Numbers of people affectedThe environmental odor standard/(·m-3)Urban area(2000)2.0500-20003.0125-5004.030-1255.010-306.0Individual resident(2)7.03 Instruments and Methods 3.1 Main InstrumentsMain Instruments are shown in Table 2.Table 2 Main instruments and reagents Reagents or Instruments Model or SpecificationManufactoryDynaScent dynamic olfactometerVersion 1.5Environment Odor Technology & Consulting Co., Ltd., AustraliaAir compressor Anqing Petrel Mech. Factory, ChinaVaccum sampling barrel 35LEnvironment Odor Technology & Consulting Co., Ltd., AustraliaNalophan sampling bag5L, 30LEnvironment Odor Technology & Consulting Co., Ltd., Australia1-butanolAnalytically pureBeijing AP Beifen Gases Industry Co., Ltd., China3.2 Methods The basic studying methods for the odor standards are: (1) detecting the gas sample from the environment by the dynamic olfactometer and analyzing the intensity; (2) based on the relations between the odor intensity and odor concentration received from the field tests, building the odor effect standards. For the grading of odor intensities differed from different countries and regions, domestic scholars consider that the standard odor concentration can not be decided by the model calculation, but from the olfactory tests, and relative standard references needed10. The reasonable odor intensity standard should base on the detecting distinct and the concentration of odor gases under that threshold should be the criterion. If the odor intensity exceeds grade 3, we can consider the atmosphere has been polluted. The analyzing of odor threshold and odor intensity is concluded. The Fechner Formula is used to relate the intensity and concentration from the test data and from the formula the odor concentration under the odor threshold can be attained, which is the standard concentration.The German standard VDI 3882 is referred, in which the standard odor intensity affecting environment is fixed on the grade 3 and this is the standard threshold value. The 7 grades odor intensity scale is shown in Table 3.4 Establishment of Odor Concentration and Intensity Standard in the Petrochemical Refinery 4.1 Detection of the Odor Gas Sample in the Refinery One certain domestic petrochemical enterprise has been complained recently for its odor disturbance. With the increasing of production scale and sulfur content in the feedstock, more and more odor matters are produced from the complex processes. There have many workshops in the refinery, such as distillation, catalytic, lubricating oil, reformed aromatics, hydrocracking, coking, raw material, gas supply, sulfur, water supply and drainage, integrated workshop, etc. 18 spots are laid in the refinery to collect the gas samples. The detecting result showed that the odor concentration scales are 5-367·m-3 around the refinery and environment. Three samples have relatively high odor intensities as 367·m-3, 345·m-3, 154·m-3 which indicated the severer pollution. They are environment samples from coking workshop, the third distillation workshop and the single tower in the water supply and drainage system.4.2 Establishment of Odor Concentration and Intensity Standard in the RefineryThe odor from each workshop is not same, and the compositions are versatile. But the main compositions are hydrogen sulfide, methyl-mercaptan, dimethyl thioether and hydrocarbons, etc. which have certain commonness. Through the survey to the refinery, it is found that people in the refinery have basically the same sense to the odor. To establish an odor standard to all refinery, the o