新视野大学英语读写教程（第二版）第三册Unit 8 Section BWho Will Take Advantage of Human Cloning1.ppt

Contents,Reading Skills,Test Yourself,Reading Comprehension,外语教学与研究出版社,空军工程大学,Reading Skills,Like the other skills for your use,the skill introduced in this unit does render you better able in reading.,This practice is designed to help you get a deeper insight into the skill for this unit.,Introduction,阅读实践,随 笔,Identifying the Writers Purpose,Some of the clues that can help you identify what kind of writing youre dealing with:1.Informational writing features facts and evidence,not opinions or value judgments.The writer may present theories to explain the facts,but the aim is not so much to change the readers opinion as it is to clarify a question or situation.,阅读实践,随 笔,2.Persuasive writing features emotional appeals,opinions and arguments,rhetorical questions,evaluating language and/or judgmental language.3.Texts written mainly to entertain can,of course,be very variedbut they often use rather informal language,simple sentence structure,dialogs,puns and/or figures of speech.,阅读实践,随 笔,Now lets have a short analysis of Text A to see if the text is informational,persuasive,or entertaining.,The title suggests that the text attempts to present a picture of“Legal and Moral Implications of Cloning”.This piece of evidence shows that the text is intended to be informational,helping us to answer the question:What are the legal and moral implications of cloning?,阅读实践,随 笔,“The text begins with a piece of news.This is another piece of evidence to show the text is informational.After the first three paragraphs(please notice they are facts instead of opinions from the writer),six questions are raised and answered,focusing on the implications of cloning.,阅读实践,随 笔,In raising and answering the questions,one prominent feature is that the subjunctive mood is used frequently.This demonstrates that they are predictions rather than judgments or conclusions since,as we know,the subjunctive mood is seldom used in judgment or conclusion.Nor is it used in persuasion,unless out of politeness.Therefore,with the above in view,we say the text is informational.,Practice,阅读技巧,随 笔,When you read Text B,scan it for clues that help you identify the writers purpose.Use the questions below to guide your scanning,then decide:Is the text informational,persuasive or meant mainly to entertain?,阅读技巧,随 笔,Study the title carefully.What does the title tell you about the content of the text?,The title is actually a question.By using a question as a title,the writer tries to attract the readers attention.Obviously,its about the possibility or legality of human cloning.The writer will give us a thorough analysis as to who might take advantage of human cloning.,阅读技巧,随 笔,2.Is the language the writer uses formal,informal or emotional?,The language is formal and serious.Besides,it is emotional.The evidence for this is the repeated employment of rhetorical questions.,阅读技巧,随 笔,Altogether,there are seven questions,including the one in the title.Of the seven,four are rhetorical questions.They appear respectively at the end of Paragraph 2,Paragraph 3,Paragraph 4,and at the beginning of Paragraph 6.,3.How many questions are there in the text?,阅读技巧,随 笔,Rhetorical questions are mainly intended to stir up the readers emotions,to put them off guard,making them ready to accept the writers opinion.Rhetorically,this is called emotional appeal.By using rhetorical questions four times,the writer of this text is appealing to the readers to accept the idea“Dont just say no to human cloning”.With all the above in view,we can see that the text is persuasive.,4.Whats the function of the rhetorical questions?,Reading Comprehension,New Words,问题预览,课文阅读,随 笔,阅读理解,问题预览,课文阅读,随 笔,阅读理解,问题预览,课文阅读,随 笔,阅读理解,问题预览,课文阅读,随 笔,阅读理解,问题预览,课文阅读,随 笔,阅读理解,问题预览,课文阅读,随 笔,阅读理解,Questions Previewing,词汇学习,课文阅读,随 笔,阅读理解,Introduction,For you to be better conditioned for reading as fast as 100 words per minute,as required in the new type of examination“Fast Reading”,Text B can serve to be your fast-reading material.But,for this purpose,the best course of action is to know what to scan for in your skimming.Thus,the trick is to keep in your mind the key words of each question before you start off.That is where the“Question Previewing”comes in.,词汇学习,课文阅读,随 笔,阅读理解,S:1._ Much of the moral opposition towards human cloning is due to the fact that it will fundamentally change our conception(概念)of biology.S:2._ Trained scientists and other experts are able to view the cloning issue more logically.S:3._ According to the writer,clones deserve the same rights and dignity as we do in society and therefore should be treated equally.,词汇学习,课文阅读,随 笔,阅读理解,S:4._ Its morally wrong for parents to bear a second child as an organ donor.S:5._Human cloning is opposed by some because they fear it might repeat the horrors conducted by the Nazis.S:6._ A cloned child is a lesser being and therefore wont be loved by the people to whom they are related.,词汇学习,课文阅读,随 笔,阅读理解,S:7._ Infertile couples should not be deprived(剥夺)of the right to clone a child although they have other options.S:8._ Human cloning,if well-controlled,may offer us benefits.,Passage Reading,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,Chinese,Who Will Take Advantage of Human Cloning?,Para.1a Last weeks news that scientists had cloned a sheep sent academics and the public into a panic at the prospect that humans might be next.Thats an understandable reaction.,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,Para.1b Cloning is a radical challenge to the most fundamental laws of biology,so its reasonable to be concerned that it might be a preface to activities that will threaten human society and dignity.Yet much of the moral opposition seems also to grow out of an automatic,unthinking disgust.This refusal to consider the issue logically makes it hard for even trained scientists and other experts to see the matter clearly.,Chinese,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,Para.1c While human cloning might not offer great benefits to humanity,no one has yet made a convincing case that it would do any real harm,either.Para.2a Conservative spiritual leaders have claimed that cloning a human constitutes a gross attack on human dignity.That would surely be true if a cloned individual were treated as a lesser being,with fewer rights or lower status.,Chinese,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,Para.2b But why suppose that the laws that protect our rights and dignity would not be applicable to cloned persons?A leading lawyer has suggested that cloning would violate the“right to a unique genetic identity”.Where did he come up with such a right?It makes perfect sense to say that adult persons have a right not to be cloned without their voluntary,informed consent.But if such consent were given,whose“right”to genetic identity would be violated?,Chinese,Para.3 Many of the vivid warnings of science fiction concerning the prospect of human cloning turn out,upon reflection,to be wildly improbable.Theres the fear,for instance,that parents might clone a child for the sake of having“surplus parts”in case the original child needs an organ transplant.But parents of identical twins dont view one child as an organ farm for the other.Why should cloned childrens parents be any different?,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,Chinese,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,Para.4a Another disturbing thought is that cloning will lead to efforts to breed individuals with genetic qualities perceived as desirable(math geniuses,soccer players,etc.).Such ideas are offensive,not only because of an unthinking disgust,but also because of the horrors carried out by the Nazis in the name of improving their race.,Chinese,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,Para.4b But theres a vast difference between the breeding programs as practiced by some groups(where the urge to breed certain types of people leads to efforts to destroy other types)and the much more harmless forms already practiced in democratic societies(where,say,lawyers freely choose to have sexual relations with other lawyers).,Chinese,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,Para.4c Banks stocked with the frozen sperm of geniuses already exist,but they havent created a master race because few women are queuing up to get pregnant this way.Why should we think it would be different if human cloning becomes available?Para.5a So who will likely take advantage of cloning?Perhaps a couple whose child is dying.,Chinese,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,Para.5b This might seem psychologically suspect,but a cloned child born to such suspect parents stands no greater or lesser chance of being loved,or rejected,than a child created the normal way.Infertile couples are also likely to seek out cloning.That such couples have other options(artificially bringing egg and sperm together,or adopting a child)is not an argument for denying them the right to clone.,Chinese,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,Para.5c Or consider an example raised by Judge Richard Posner:a couple in which the husband has some unfortunate genetic defect.Currently,if this couple wants a genetically related child,they have four not altogether pleasant options.They can reproduce naturally and resign themselves to the risk of passing on the disease to the child.They can go to a sperm bank and take a chance on unknown genes.,Chinese,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,Para.5d They can bring egg and sperm together artificially and dispose of any affected baby before placing it in the mother,or before birththough that might be objectionable,too.Or,they can get a male relative of the father to be a sperm donor,if such a relative exists.This is one case where even people bothered by creating a child under the lens of a microscope might not see cloning as the worst option.,Chinese,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,Para.6a Even if human cloning offers no obvious benefits to mankind,why ban it?In a democracy we dont usually pass laws against something before there is actual or probable evidence of harm.Before we go any further,it might make sense to require a temporary pause on research into human cloning in order to make a systematic enquiry into the grave questions it raises.,Chinese,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,阅读理解,Para.6b When research into cloning is resumed,human cloning should remain a research activity for an extended period.And if it is ever attempted,it shouldand no doubt willtake place only under careful examination and layers of legal administration.Most important,human cloning should be governed by the same laws that now protect human rights.A world that is not safe for cloned humans would be a world that is not safe for the rest of us.,Chinese,Choice Making,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,课文阅读,S:1._ Much of the moral opposition toward human cloning is due to the fact that it will fundamentally change our conception of biology.,Refer to Para.1b.,F,S:2._ Trained scientists and other experts are able to view the cloning issue more logically.,F,Refer to Para.1b.,Choice Making,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,课文阅读,S:4._ Its morally wrong for parents to bear a second child as an organ donor.,Refer to Para.3.,T,S:3._ According to the writer,clones deserve the same rights and dignity as we do in society and therefore should be treated equally.,T,Refer to Para.2b.,Choice Making,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,课文阅读,S:5._ Human cloning is opposed by some because they fear it might repeat the horrors conducted by the Nazis.,T,S:6._ A cloned child is a lesser being and therefore wont be loved by the people to whom they are related.,F,Refer to Para.4.,Refer to Para.5b.,Choice Making,词汇学习,问题预览,随 笔,课文阅读,S:7._ Infertile couples should not be deprived of the right to clone a child although they have other options.,Refer to Para.5b.,T,S:8._ Human cloning,if well-controlled,may offer us benefits.,T,Refer to Para.6.,Test Yourself,Compound Dictation,In-Depth Reading,Compound Dictation,You will hear a passage three times.When the passage is read for the secondtime,you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from S1 to S8 with the exact words you have just heard.For blanks numbered S9 to S11 you are required tofill in missing information.For these blanks,you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in yourown words.Now listen to the passage.,Directions:,阅读填空,随 笔,Students pressure sometimes comes from their parents.Most parents are S1_,but some of them arent very helpful with the problems their sons and daughters have in S2 _ to college,and a few of them seem to go out of their way to add to their childrens difficulties.For one thing,parents are often not S3 _ of the kinds of problems their children face.,well-meaning,adjusting,阅读填空,随 笔,aware,They dont realize that the S4 _ is keener,that the required S5 _ of work are higher,and that their children may not be prepared for the change.S6 _ to seeing As and Bs on the high school report cards,they may be S7 _ when their childrens first-semester college grades are below that level.At their kindest,they may gently S8 _,competition,standards,阅读填空,随 笔,Accustomed,upset,inquire,why John or Mary isnt doing better,whether he or she is trying as hard as he or she should,and so on.S9 _.Sometimes parents regard their children as extensions of themselves,and S10 _ _.,think it only right and natural that they determine what their children do with their lives,阅读填空,随 笔,At their worst,they may threaten to take their children out of college or cut off funds,In their involvement and identification with their children,they forget that everyone is different,and that each person must develop in his or her own way.They forget that S11 _.,阅读填空,随 笔,their children,who are now young adults,must be the ones responsible for what they do and what they are,In-Depth Reading,In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank above the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.,Directions:,复合听写,随 笔,Since we are social beings,the quality of our lives depends in large measure on our interpersonal relationships.One strength of the human condition is our 1 _ to give and receive support from one another under 2 _ circumstances.,tendency,stressful,复合听写,随 笔,Social support consists of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal ties.Those of us with strong support systems appear better able to cope with major life changes and daily hassles(困难).People with strong social ties live longer and have better health than those without such ties.,复合听写,随 笔,Studies over a range of illnesses,from 3 _ to heart disease,4 _ that the presence of social support helps people fend off(挡开)illness,and absence of such support makes poor health more 5 _.Social support 6 _ stress in a number of ways.First,friends,relatives,and co-workers,depression,reveal,likely,复合听写,随 笔,cushions,may let us know that they value us.Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by others despite our faults and difficulties.Second,other people often provide us with informational support.They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them.Third,we 7 _ find social companionship supportive.,typically,复合听写,随 笔,8 _ in leisure-time activities wit