英语语法句子的种类和结构.ppt

语法精典讲解句法部分,14句子的种类,【句子的种类】（讲解1）,（一）按使用目的可分为:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句.,1）陈述句:说明一个事实或陈述一种看法.Light travels faster than sound.光比声速度快.（说明事实）The film is rather boring.这部电影很乏味.（说明看法）,2）疑问句:提出问题,有以下四种:A.一般疑问句:Can you finish the work in time?你能按时完成工作吗？B.特殊疑问句:Where do you live?你住那儿？How do you know that?你怎么知道那件事？C.选择疑问句:Do you want tea or coffee?你是要茶还是要咖啡？D.反意疑问句:He doesnt know her,does he?他不认识她,对不对？,14句子的种类,【句子的种类】（讲解1）,3）祈使句:提出请求,建议或发出命令.Sit down,please.请坐.Dont be nervous!别紧张！4）感叹句:表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪.What good news it is!多好的消息啊！,（二）句子按其结构可以分为:简单句、并列句、复合句.,1）简单句:只含一个主谓结构.She is fond of collecting stamps.她喜欢集邮.,2）并列句:含两或两个以上主谓结构,句间由并列连词或分号连接.The food was good,but he had little appetite.食物很精美,但他却没什么胃口.,3）复合句:含一个主句和一个或几个从句,从句由从属连词引导.The film had begun when we got to the cinema.我们到达电影院的时候,电影已经开演了.,14句子的种类,【句子的种类】（讲解1）,（三）基本句型:英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的:,1）主+动（SV）例如:（I work.我工作.）,2）主+动+表（SVP）例如:（John is busy.约翰忙.）,3）主+动+宾（SVO）例如:（She studies English.她学英语.）,4）主+动+宾+补（SVOC）例如:（Time would prove me right.时间会证明我是对的.）,5）主+动+间宾+直宾（SVOiOd）例如:（My mother made me a new dress.我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳.）,14句子的种类,【句子的种类】（讲解2）,疑问句是考试的重点,这里我们先重点讲难掌握的反意疑问句和特殊疑问句.,（1）陈述句部分是肯定式,问句部分一般用否定式,否则反之;前后两部分在人称,数及时态上通常保持一致.如:You are a student,arent you?（你是学生,对吗?）,1）反意疑问句:在陈述句之后附上一个简短问句,对陈述句所叙述的事实提出相反的疑问,这种疑问句叫做反意疑问句.,（2）在祈使句后面用反意疑问句,要注意人称的变化.如:Go to the cinema,will you?,（3）在省略的感叹句后面,要注意主语的单复数.如:What fine weather,isnt it?,（4）陈述句部分的主语如是I,疑问部分要用 arent I.如:Im as tall as your sister,arent I?,14句子的种类,【句子的种类】（讲解2）,（5）陈述部分用never,hardly,few,nothing,nobody,few,seldom,hardly,little等否定含义的词时,疑问部分用肯定含义.如:He seldom came here,did he?,（6）陈述句部分的谓语是used to时,疑问部分用didnt+主语或usednt+主语.如:He used to go to school at seven,didnt he?/usednt he?,（7）陈述部分有had better+v.疑问句部分用hadnt you?如:Youd better read it by yourself,hadnt you?,（8）陈述部分有Youd like to+v.疑问部分用wouldnt+主语.如:Youd like to go with me,wouldnt you?,（9）主语是everyone,someone,anyone,no one等不定代词时,多用they 指代.如:Everyone is here,arent they?（所有的人都来了吗?）,14句子的种类,【句子的种类】（讲解2）,（10）主语是everything,something,anything,nothing时,用it 指代.省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句,疑问部分用will you.如:Dont do that again,will you?,注意 Lets 开头的祈使句,后用shall we?Let us 开头的祈使句,后用will you?,（11）陈述部分是“there be”结构,疑问部分用there省略主语代词.如:There is something wrong with your watch,isnt there?,2）特殊疑问句:注意疑问词 how many;how much;how often;how old;how long;what;what time;what day;what colour;which;when;who;whose等疑问词的用法.,A.系动词be作谓语:am,is,are/was,were作“提前词”来对应,B.行为动词作谓语:Do/Does/Did作外来助动的“提前词”+主语+动词原形来表达,C.含助动词作谓语:be,do,have,will,shall作“提前词”与相应动词时态来帮助,D.含情态动词作谓语:can,may/must,need/will,shall,would,should作“提前词”+主语+动词原形来强调,14句子的种类,【句子的种类】（讲解3）,本讲主要讲一下感叹句、祈使句,再顺便提一下强调句.,1.由what引导的感叹句的基本结构：“What a(an)+形容词+单数名词（+主语+谓语）！”“What+形容词+名词（不可数名词或名词复数）（+主语+谓语）！”.,1）感叹句注意事项:感叹句由what和how引导放句前,主语谓语不用变,省掉它们也常见.,2.由how引导的感叹句结构为：“How+形容词或副词（+主语+谓语）！”如：,3.what,how 引导的感叹句有时可以互相转换：What修饰单数可数名词时,如果这一名词有形容词修饰,也可用how引导感叹句,但不定冠词a或an 需放在形容词之后.如:What a large factory=How large a factory it is!如:What a clever boy Jack is!=How clever Jack is!杰克是多么聪明的一个男孩子呀！,14句子的种类,【句子的种类】（讲解3）,与let连用的人称代词是第一人称和第三人称的宾格.Let me go.让我去吧.Let him see.让他看看.,2）祈使句注意事项:,注意:Let us可缩写为lets,但两者实际含义不相同.lets用来提建议,听话者与说话者一起去做某事,而let us用来表示请求,即说话者向听话者请求要去做某事。,含有第二人称的祈使句否定中,在动词原形前加dont,不可只用not构成否定.特别是当动词为be时,也用dont,而不可在be后加not.误：Not talk in class.正：Dont talk in class.不要在课堂上讲话.误：Be not late for school.误：Not be late for school.正：Dont be late for school.上学不要迟到.,注意:含有第一、第三人称的祈使句的否定句用Let+not+动词原形或Dont let+第三人称代词的宾格或名词.,14句子的种类,【句子的种类】（讲解3）,3）强调句注意事项:,学过的强调句是Tt引导的句子.强调句的连词只有that和who.当强调的部分是人,且为句子的主语时,才用“who”,其余用“that”.句式:It is（was）被强调部分+that（who）+句子其他部分.,注意:此结构强调的成分仅限于主语,宾语和状语.判断一个句子是否是强调句,只需看去掉It be that是否还是一个完整的句子.,典型例题:It is twenty years _ Miss Feng returned to ChinA.A.that B.when C.since D.as,答案C.本题易误选为A（that）.其实本句不是强调句.若是,去掉It be that还应是一个完整的句子.而本句去掉“It is.that”,只剩下ten years Miss Feng returned to ChinA.不成句.因此本句不是强调句.,14句子的种类,句子的种类（练习1）,1.Dont forget to give the baby some food,_?,A.will you?B.shall we C.wont you D.do you,2.You have met before,_?,A.havent you B.have you C.do you D.dont you,3.She has never read the book before,_?,A.has she B.hasnt she C.is she D.isnt she,14句子的种类,句子的种类（练习1）,4.Mike has to finish her work now,_?,A.has he B.hasnt he C.does he D.doesnt he,5.-“Dont smoke in the dining-hall,will you?”-“_.”,A.Yes,I agree B.Yes,of course C.Yes,I dont think so D.Whats wrong,6.-_ did you stay in Urumqi last summer?-For two weeks.,A.How often B.How C.How long D.How many times,14句子的种类,句子的种类（练习1）,7.He nearly hurt himself in the accident,_?,A.doesnt he B.didnt he C.did he D.does he,8.-_ will your aunt be back from work?-In an hour.,A.How soon B.How often C.How long D.What time,9.The old man had to do the farm work himself,_?,A.did he B.didnt he C.had he D.werent he,14句子的种类,句子的种类（练习2）,1.Mr Williams will visit our school again some _ day.,A.the other B.another C.an other D.other,2.We shall never laugh _ people when they are _ trouble.,A.on,in B.at,in C.on,to D.to,at,3.“Thank you for your help.”“_.”,A.You are welcome B.It doesnt matter C.You are kind D.Its no need,14句子的种类,句子的种类（练习2）,4.To learn English well is not easy,_ it is important for us.,A.and B.so C.or D.but,5.“Must I get there before eight?”“No,you _.”,A.cant B.mustnt C.neednt D.must,6.My sister isnt there,she _ to Beijing.,A.went B.will go C.has been D.has gone,14句子的种类,句子的种类（练习2）,7.New factory _ in our hometown next year.,A.build B.will build C.will be built D.is building,8.I dont think he is doing his homework,_?,A.is he B.isnt he C.does he D.dont I,9.I enjoyed _ to school in the morning last year.,A.to run B.run C.runing D.running,14句子的种类,句子的种类（练习2）,10.Sorry,Ive kept you _ for a long time.,A.wait B.waiting C.to wait D.waited,11._ mother told _ an interesting story yesterday.,A.Mine,I B.My,I C.My,me D.My,my,12.His grandma _ in 1968.She has been _ for years.,A.died,died B.dead,died C.dead,died D.died,dead,14句子的种类,句子的种类（练习2）,13.The old man is _ under the tree.,A.lying B.lie C.laying D.to lie,14.He runs _ than his classmates.,A.fastest B.the fastest C.fast D.faster,15.The twins father is standing _ them.,A.among B.between C.during D.above,14句子的种类,句子的种类（练习3）,1.It was yesterday _ Xiao Ming finished all his homework.,A.that B.when C.where D.at,2.You are not in Grade Two,_ you?,A.arent B.are C.do D.dont,3.She has never read the book before,_?,A.has she B.hasnt she C.is she D.isnt she,14句子的种类,句子的种类（练习3）,4.-I want to shopping this afternoon.What about you?_.,A.So did I B.So I did C.So I do D.So do I,5.Its time for supper now.Lets _ it.,A.stop to have it B.stop having C.to stop to have D.stopping to have,6._ lovely she smiles!,A.How B.How a C.What D.What a,14句子的种类,句子的种类（练习3）,7.Thank you for _ me with my English.,A.help B.helped C.helping D.helps,8.-Would you please _ the shoes on the floor?-Im sorry.I wont do it again.,A.not throw B.dont throw C.not to throw D.didnt throw,9.Lily has not visited many places of great interests in Chin A._.,A.So has her twin sister B.Neither is her twin sister C.So her twin sister D.Neither has her twin sister,14句子的种类,句子的种类（练习3）,10.Dont _ books again!You must be careful _ now on.,A.lost,from B.lose,from C.lost,since D.lose,since,11.-“_ do they have a meeting?”-“Every two weeks.”,A.How long B.How often C.When D.What time,6._ lovely she smiles!*,A.How*B.How a C.What D.What a,14句子的种类,句子的种类（练习4）,1.When I entered the room,I saw the little boy _ in the corner.,A.to stand B.stands C.stood D.standing,2.It is a great shame for me _ in front of so many people.,A.to laugh at B.to laughing at C.to be laughed at D.to have laughed at,3.He dares to climb that tall tree,_ he?,A.doesnt B.darent C.hasnt D.isnt,14句子的种类,句子的种类（练习4）,4.Please _ anything you can remember about the accident.,A.fill in B.draw out C.write in D.put down,5.-Will the clouds lift in the afternoon?-_.,A.I hope so B.I hope it C.I hope that D.I hope such,6.We had to stay at home _ the heavy rain.,A.as B.since C.because of D.because,14句子的种类,句子的种类（练习4）,7.They will visit our school _ next week.,A.sometimes B.some time C.some times D.sometimes,8.Although he tried hard,he was _ maths.,A.good at B.doing well in C.weak in D.interested in,9.The stars _ in the daytime.,A.cant see B.cant be seen C.can be seen D.see,14句子的种类,句子的种类（练习4）,10.This kind of cars _ in Shanghai.,A.is made B.are made C.are making D.is making,11.Mr Blacks just come back from the England,_ he?,A.isnt B.doesnt C.hasnt D.is,12._ ten years since I left my hometown.,A.They B.It is C.There have been D.It was,14句子的种类,句子的种类（练习4）,13.Is this _ looking for?,A.you were B.that you were C.what were you D.what you were,14.The Blacks _ go to the seaside to have their holidays,but now they no longer go there.,A.were used to B.used to C.usually D.seldom,15.Dont hurry.Only one person can enter the room _.,A.at a time B.in no time C.in time D.on time,15句子的结构,【句子的结构】（讲解1）,一、句子的三个重点结构类型:,1、主+谓+宾结构:,（1）主语:可以用作主语的成分有名词（如boy）,主格代词（如you）,动词不定式,动名词等.主语一般在句首.注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家!,（2）谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后.不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语,形成主谓结构,如:We come.,（3）宾语:宾语位于及物动词之后,一般同主语构成一样,不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是代词宾格,如:me,him,them等.,例:The boy needs a pen.主语the boy,谓语needs（need的第三人称单数形式）,宾语a pen.,15句子的结构,【句子的结构】（讲解1）,2、主+系+表结构:,（1）主语:同主谓宾结构.,（2）联系动词:be动词（am,is,are,was,were,have been）;其他联系动词如:become成为,turn变成,go变.其特点是联系动词与其后的表语没有动宾关系,表语多为形容词或副词,既不可能是宾语.,（3）表语:说明主语的状态、性质等.可为形容词、副词、名词、代词、不定式、分词.当联系动词不是be,而其后是名词和代词时,多表达转变为之意,注意与动宾关系的区别.感官动词多可用作联系动词:look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好,smell bad/难闻.,例:Tom is a boy.（Tom是个男孩）主语为Tom,系词为be动词的第三人称单数is,表语为a boy,15句子的结构,【句子的结构】（讲解1）,3、There be 结构:,There be 表示存在有.这里的there没有实际意义,不可与副词there那里混淆.此结构后跟名词,表示（存在）有某事物。,试比较:There is a boy there.（那儿有一个男孩.）前一个there无实意,后一个there为副词那里.,（1）There be句式用来表示“某处有某人/某物”,be动词有人称和数变化:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词,be用is;主语是可数名词复数,be要用are.There is a book on the desk.桌子上有一本书.There is some milk in the bottle.瓶子里有一些牛奶.There are some pictures on the wall.墙上有一此画.,（2）There be结构后面接并列名词短语时,按就近原则其中第一个并列成份决定动词be的单、复数形式.There is a pen and some books on the desk.桌子上有一只钢笔和一些书.There are some books and a pen on the desk.桌子上有一些书和一只钢笔.,15句子的结构,【句子的结构】（讲解1）,（3）There be句式变否定句是在be动词后+not;变一般疑问句是把be作“提前词”放句首,肯定回答要用Yes,there is/are.否定回答要用No,there isnt/arent.There is a ball on the ground.There isnt a ball on the ground.（否定句）Is there a ball on the ground?（一般疑问句）Yes,there is./No,there isnt.,（4）对There be结构的主语提问,无论其是可数名词还是不可数名词,也不论其是单数可数名词还是复数可数名词,都用“What is”.There is some tea in the cup.（对划线部分提问）What is in the cup?There are some desks in the room.（对划线部分提问）What is in the room?,（5）There be句式和have/has都有“有”的意思,但there be句式强调某物所处的位置,而have/has强调某物的归属,即前者强调“存在”,后者强调“拥有”.There is a computer on the table.桌子上有一台电脑.（电脑“存在”于桌上,而不是桌子“拥有”电脑）My uncle has a car.我叔叔有一辆小汽车.（我叔叔“拥有”这辆车）,15句子的结构,【句子的结构】（讲解2）,二、定语:,定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用的表示.,定语通常位于被修饰的成分前.,若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时,（如:something、nothing）;或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时,则定语通常置后.,副词用作定语时须放在名词之后.,1、形容词作定语:The little boy needs a blue pen.小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔.（little修饰名词boy;blue修饰名词pen.）Tom is a handsome boy.Tom是个英俊的男孩.There is a good boy.有个乖男孩.,15句子的结构,【句子的结构】（讲解2）,2、数词作定语相当于形容词:Two boys need two pens.两个男孩需要两支钢笔.The two boys are students.这两个男孩是学生.There are two boys in the room.房间里有两个男孩.,3、代词或名词所有格作定语:His boy needs Toms pen.他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔.His name is Tom.他的名字是汤姆.There are two boys of Toms there.那儿有Tom家的两个男孩.,4、介词短语作定语:The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔.The boy in blue is Tom.穿蓝色衣服的孩子是汤姆.There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.有两个9岁的,三个10岁的男孩.,15句子的结构,【句子的结构】（讲解2）,5、名词作定语:The boy needs a ball pen.男孩需要一支圆珠笔.It is a ball pen.这是一支圆珠笔.There is only one ball pen in the pencil box.这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔.,6、副词作定语:The boy there needs a pen.那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔.The best boy here is Tom.这里最棒的男孩是Tom.,7、不定式作定语:The boy to write this letter needs a pen.写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔.The boy to write this letter is Tom.将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆.There is nothing to do today.今天无事要做.,15句子的结构,【句子的结构】（讲解2）,8、分词（短语）作定语:The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔.The pen bought by her is made in China.她买的笔是中国产的.There are five boys left.有五个留下的男孩.,9、定语从句:The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔.The boy you will know is Tom.你将认识的男孩叫汤姆.There are five boys who will play the game.参加游戏的男孩有五个.,15句子的结构,【句子的结构】（讲解3）,三、状语:,状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等.状语在句子中的位置很灵活,常见情况为:,通常在句子基本结构之后,强调时放在句首;,修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰的词之前;,表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首,地点状语一般须在时间状语之前;,一些表示不确定时间（如:often）或程度（如:almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后,动词之前.,有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义,应注意.如:The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成男孩喊教室里的女孩（此时in the classroom为girl的定语）,也可以理解为男孩在教室里喊女孩（此时in the classroom为地点状语）,最好写作In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.,15句子的结构,【句子的结构】（讲解3）,1、副词（短语）作状语:The boy needs a pen very much.男孩非常需要一支钢笔.（程度状语）The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother.男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔.（宾语较长则状语前置）The boy really needs a pen.男孩真的需要一支钢笔.（程度状语）The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen.男孩现在需要一支钢笔.（时间状语）,2、介词短语作状语:In the classroom,the boy needs a pen.在教室里,男孩需要一支钢笔.（地点状语）Before his mother,Tom is always a boy.在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.（条件状语）On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom.星期天,教室里没有学生.（时间状语）,15句子的结构,【句子的结构】（讲解3）,3、分词（短语）作状语:He sits there,asking for a pen.他坐在那儿要一支笔.（表示伴随状态）Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen.因为不得不完成作业,男孩需要一支笔.（原因状语）Frightened,he sits there soundlessly.（因为）受了惊吓,他无声地坐在那儿.（原因状语）,4、不定式作状语:The boy needs a pen to do his homework.男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业.（目的状语）To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business.为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣.,5、名词作状语:Come this way!走这条路!（方向状语）,6、状语从句:时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、比较、让步、条件状语从句.,15句子的结构,【句子的结构】（讲解4）,四、直接宾语和间接宾语:,有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,如:give给,pass递,bring带,show显示.这两个宾语通常一个指人,为间接宾语;一个指物,为直接宾语.,间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前.,1、一般的顺序为:动词+间接宾语+直接宾语.如:Give me a cup of tea,please.,2、强调间接宾语顺序为:动词+直接宾语+to+间接宾语.如:Show this house to Mr.Smith.,3、若直接宾语为人称代词:动词+代词直接宾语+to+间接宾语.如:Bring it to me,please.,15句子的结构,【句子的结构】（讲解5）,五、宾语补足语:,位于宾语之后对宾语做出说明的成分.宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语.,1、名词/代词宾格+名词 The war made him a soldier.战争使他成为一名战士.,2、名词/代词宾格+形容词 New methods make the job easy.新方法使这项工作变得轻松.,3、名词/代词宾格+介词短语 I often find him at work.我经常发现他在工作.,4、名词/代词宾格+动词不定式 The teacher ask the students to close the windows.老师让学生们关上窗户.,5、名词/代词宾格+分词 I saw a cat running across the road.我看见一只猫跑过了马路.,15句子的结构,【句子的结构】（讲解6）,六、同位语:,同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分,近乎于后置定语.如:,We students should study hard.（students是we的同位语,都是指同一批学生）We all are students.（all是we的同位语,都指同样的我们）,七、独立成分:,情态词,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概,acturely实际上,certainly当然等.,有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分,称为句子独立成分（注意:区别于分词独立结构）.1、感叹词:oh,hello,aha,ah,等.2、肯定词:yes3、否定词:no4、称呼语:称呼人的用语.5、插入语:一些句中插入的 I think,I believe,等.如:The story,I think,has never come to the end.我相信,这个故事还远没结束.,15句子的结构,【句子的结构】（讲解7）,八、分词独立结构:,分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致!否则应有自己的逻辑主语,构成分词独立结构.,例：错句:Studying hard,your score will go up.正确:（1）Studying hard,you can make your score go up.（2）If you study hard,your score will go up.,解析:错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语,则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语,既your score.显然做study的应是人,不应是your score（分数）.正确句（1）更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致（同为you）;正确句（2）则使用条件分句带出study的主语,（不过已经不是分词结构了）.,15句子的结构,【句子的结构】（讲解7）,1、分词独立结构常省略being,having been.不过There being.的场合不能省略.如:Game（being）over,he went home.He stands