水处理微生物学（中英文对照） .ppt
Microbiology of Water Treatment水处理微生物学,建筑之家,Contents,Section A The microbial worldSection B Microbial metabolismSection C Information storage and transferSection D Bacterial structure and functionSection E Bacterial geneticsSection F Bacteria and Archaea in the environment Section G Eukaryotic microbes,an overviewSection H The fungi and related phyla,Section I The Chlorophyta and ProtistaSection J The viruses补充1：环境因素对微生物生长的影响补充2：微生物在自然环境中的作用补充3.环境微生物污染、监测及控制补充4：微生物在废水处理中的应用微生物实验：6个,A1 The Microbial world,Section A The Microbial world,Objectives,1.What is a microbe（微生物）？2.Prokaryotes（原核生物）and eukaryotes（真核生物）3.The importance of microbiology(微生物学）,Microbe Approximate range of sizes Nature of cellViruses 0.010.25 Acellular（非细胞的）Bacteria 0.1750 Prokaryote（原核细胞）Fungi 2 1m Eukaryote（真核细胞）Protista 21000 Eukaryote,1.What is a microbe？,1.1 Microbe:Microbe is used to describe an organism that is so small that,normally,it cannot be seen without the aid of a microscope.1.2 the category:Viruses（病毒）,Bacteria（细菌）,Archaea（古细菌），fungi（真菌）and protista（原生生物）1.3 Their sizes and cell type,Relative sizes of cells and their components,1.What is a microbe？,1.4 Biological Classification The biological classification system that we still use for plants and animals,is relatively minor modified,for fungi and microorganisms.It is a system that starts with a few categories at the highest level,and further sub-divides them at each lower level.The levels were given names that are already familiar to you Kingdom（界）Phylum（门）Class（纲）Order（目）Family（科）Genus（属）Species（种）,1.What is a microbe？,1.5 Microbial Classification Virus kingdomVirusProkaryote kingdomFungi kingdomProtogene eukaryote kingdom,Bacteria phylum,Blue algae phylumCyanobacteria（蓝细菌）,Bacteria（细菌）,Actinomyceto（放线菌）,Mold（霉菌）,Yeast（酵母菌）,Algae（藻类）,protozoa（原生动物）,1.What is a microbe？,1.5 Microbial nomenclature（命名法）binomial species nameFor example:Staphylococcus aureus Rosenbach Staphylococcus（属名）葡萄球菌 aureus（种名）金黄色的 Rosenbach（命名人）For example:Escherichia coli Escherich Escherichia（埃希氏杆菌属）coli（大肠菌，原意是从结肠colon分离出来的）Escherich(最早分离人）,2.Prokaryotes and eukaryotes,The first cell,Bacteria,Archaea,Eukarya,2.Prokaryotes and eukaryotes,原核生物和真核生物遗传和细胞组装上的主要区别（一）,2.Prokaryotes and eukaryotes,原核生物和真核生物遗传和细胞组装上的主要区别（二）,2.Prokaryotes and eukaryotes,The major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes,These Microbes?,Prokaryotes:Bacteria,Archaea，ActinomycetoEukaryotes:Fungi,Algae,ProtozoaAcellular:Viruses,For example 1:Prokaryotes,Bacteria,For example 1:Prokaryotes,Bacteria and Its Flagella,For example 1:Prokaryotes,E.coli,For example 1:Prokaryotes,Ageneral bacterium,For example 1:Prokaryotes,Archeabacteria,For example 2:Eukaryotes（Protozoa）,Protozoa,For example 2:Eukaryotes（Protozoa）,Protozoa,For example 2:Eukaryotes（Protozoa）,Microscopic,single-celled animals,more complex and larger than bacteria10000-15000 nmeucaryotic(DNA in nucleus within cell)Most not pathogenicMost are motile.Aquatic with animal-like characteristicsIngest organic matter for nutrients.,For example 2:Eukaryotes（Algae）,For example 2:Eukaryotes（Fungi）,Very diverse group of eukaryotes.Yeasts are unicellular and spherical,For example 2:Eukaryotes,Eukaryotic Cell,For example 3：Acellular viruses,For example 3：Acellular viruses,For example 3：Acellular viruses,Consist of nucleic acid and protein.Intracellular parasites very small(20-100 nm),very simplenot composed of cellsNeed to infect host cells to replicate,3.The importance of microbiology,Environment Medicine Agriculture Food Biotechnology research,For example:Environment,1676年荷兰人列文虎克用自磨镜片，制造了一架能放大266倍的原始显微镜检查了污水、齿垢、粪便等，发现了许多肉眼看不见的微小生物，正确描述了微生物的形态有球形、杆状和螺旋形，为微生物的存在提供了科学依据。,(Louis Pasteur,18221895)首先实验证明有机物发酵和腐败是由微生物引起，而酒类变质是因污染了杂菌所致,而非自然发生。自此，微生物学成为一门独立学科。,(Robert Koch,18431910)创用固体培养基，使有可能将细菌从环境或病人排泄物等标本中分离成为纯培养，利于对各种细菌的特性分别研究。他还创用了染色方法和实验动物感染，为发现多种传染病的病原菌提供实验手段。科赫法则：1.特殊的病原菌应在同一疾病中查见，在健康人中不存在；2.该病原菌能被分离培养得纯种；3.该纯培养物接种至易感动物，能产生同样病症；4.自人工感染的实验动物体内能重新分离得该病原菌纯培养。,Exercise,Answer these questions:1.Is what a microorganism?Which does microorganism include main groups?2.Which differentiations does the eukaryotes have with prokaryotes?,
