双语教学课件学习课件PPT 像经济学家一样思考.ppt

像经济学家一样思考Thinking Like an Economist,Cha 02 Introduction,东北师大学人文地理 赵伟,In this chapter,you will.,学习了解“实证”（positive statements）与“规范”（normative statements）两种表述的差异学习并了解两个简单的模型：循环流向图（circular-flow diagram）和生产可能性边界（production possibilities frontier）了解经济学家如何应用科学方法思考经济学如何通过假设（assumption）和模型使解释世界变得更容易区别微观经济学（microeconomics）和宏观经济学（macroeconomics）理解经济学家在政策制定（making policy）中扮演的角色思考为什么经济学家们的意见常常出现分歧（disagree with one another）,东北师大学人文地理 赵伟,Every field of study has its own terminology每一学科领域都有其各自的术语,Economics（经济学）,Supply供给,Demand需求,Elasticity弹性,Consumer Surplus消费者剩余,Comparative advantage比较优势,Opportunity cost机会成本,Deadweight loss无谓损失,东北师大学人文地理 赵伟,1 The Economist as a Scientist 作为社会科学家的经济学家,The economic way of thinking.潜心思考和观察Involves 潜心 thinking analytically 解析 and objectively.（同上）使用科学方法Makes use of the scientific method.,东北师大学人文地理 赵伟,1.1 The Scientific Method 科学方法,Uses abstract models to help explain how a complex,real world operates.使用抽象模型辅助解释复杂的真实世界的运行Develops theories,collects,and analyzes data to prove the theories.提出理论，收集并分析数据以证明这些理论,Observation,Theory and More Observation!观察提出理论更多的观察（或再观察）,东北师大学人文地理 赵伟,scientific method 科学方法,东北师大学人文地理 赵伟,1.2 The Role of Assumptions 假设的重要性,假设可以使解释世界变得容易Economists make assumptions for the same reason:Assumptions can make the world easier to understand.科学思考的艺术就是决定做出什么样的假设The art in scientific thinkingwhether in physics,biology,or economicsis deciding which assumptions to make.经济学家用不同的假设回答不同的问题Similarly,economists use different assumptions to answer different questions.,东北师大学人文地理 赵伟,1.3 Economic Models 经济模型,经济学家科学家利用模型来简化现实以促进我们对世界的理解Economists use models to simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of the worldTwo of the most basic economic models include:最基本的两个经济学模型，包括：,The Circular-Flow Diagram 循环流向图,The Production Possibilities Frontier 生产可能性边界,东北师大学人文地理 赵伟,1.3.1 The Circular-Flow Diagram,The circular-flow diagram is a simple way to visually show the economic transactions that occur between households and firms in the economy.循环流向图是一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型,东北师大学人文地理 赵伟,The Circular-Flow Diagram循环流向图,东北师大学人文地理 赵伟,在以上模型中，请大家总结：,企业做了哪些事情？家庭做了哪些事情？产品和服务市场上谁买进谁卖出？生产要素市场上谁买进谁卖出？两个市场上买进的是什么，卖出的是什么？,东北师大学人文地理 赵伟,1.3.2 The Production Possibilities Frontier 生产可能性边界,The production possibilities frontier is a graph showing the various combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and technology.生产可能性边界：表示一个经济在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产量的各种组合的图形,东北师大学人文地理 赵伟,The Production Possibilities Frontier生产可能性边界,Quantity ofComputersProduced计算机产量,Quantity of Cars Produced小汽车产量,3,000,1,000,东北师大学人文地理 赵伟,The Production Possibilities Frontier生产可能性边界,东北师大学人文地理 赵伟,Concepts Illustrated by the Production Possibilities Frontier生产可能边界涉及到的概念,Efficiency 效率Tradeoffs 权衡Opportunity Cost 机会成本Economic Growth 经济增长,东北师大学人文地理 赵伟,The Production Possibilities Frontier生产可能性边界,Quantity of ComputersProduced计算机产量,Quantity of Cars Produced小汽车产量,3,000,2,000,A,700,0,1,000,An outward shift in the production possibilities frontier生产可能性边界向外移动,东北师大学人文地理 赵伟,1.4 Macroeconomics VS Microeconomics 宏观经济学和微观经济学,Microeconomics：研究家庭和企业如何作出决策，以及它们在市场上的相互交易。特点：虫瞰Macroeconomics：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长等。特点：鸟瞰,Tips:我们可以认为，微观经济学研究的是资源配置问题，即资源由谁来使用更有效率；宏观经济学研究的是资源利用问题，即社会资源利用率的决定和调节问题。,东北师大学人文地理 赵伟,2 The Economist as Policy Adviser 作为政策建议者的经济学家2.1 Two Roles of Economists 经济学家的双重角色,当经济学家们试图解释世界时，他们是科学家。When they are trying to explain the world,they are scientists.当经济学家们试图改变世界时，他们是政策制定者。When they are trying to change the world,they are policymakers.,东北师大学人文地理 赵伟,2.2 Positive versus Normative Analysis 实证与规范分析,Positive statements are statements that describe the world as it is.实证性表述说明世界是什么。Called descriptive（描述性）analysis其分析方式为实证分析Normative statements are statements about how the world should be.规范性表述说明世界应该是什么。Called prescriptive（指示性）analysis其分析方式称为规范分析,东北师大学人文地理 赵伟,Positive or Normative Statements?实证还是规范？,?,?,An increase in the minimum wage will cause a decrease in employment among the least-skilled.最低工资提高将导致低素质劳动者的就业率下降,东北师大学人文地理 赵伟,?,?,?,Higher federal budget deficits will cause interest rates to increase.更高的财政预算赤字将使利率上升,Positive or Normative Statements?实证还是规范？,东北师大学人文地理 赵伟,?,?,?,?,The income gains from a higher minimum wage are worth more than any slight reductions in employment.提高最低工资所导致的收入增长，相对于就业率的下降，显得更为值得,Positive or Normative Statements?实证还是规范？,东北师大学人文地理 赵伟,Positive or Normative Statements?实证还是规范？,?,?,?,State governments should be allowed to collect from tobacco companies the costs of treating smoking-related illnesses among the poor.州政府将认可从烟草公司收取为穷人治疗与吸烟有关疾病的成本的做法,东北师大学人文地理 赵伟,2.3 Economists in Washington.经济学家在华盛顿,.serve as advisers in the policymaking process of the three branches of government:在以下三个重要部门为政策制定提供建议：Legislative（立法）Executive（执行、经理）Judicial（司法）,东北师大学人文地理 赵伟,Economists in Washington.经济学家在华盛顿,我来协调。我制定政策，你实施，他来解释。,东北师大学人文地理 赵伟,经 济 学 家 对 政 策 的 影 响约翰卡梅隆凯恩斯（1935）,经济学家和政治学家的思想，无论是对还是错，实际上都要比一般人想像的更为有力。这个世界确实是由少数精英统治的。那些相信自己在智力上不受影响的实干家往往是那些已经过世的经济学家的奴隶。那些当权的狂人信奉的其实也不过是若干年前某些末流文人狂妄思想的零碎而已。The ideas of economists and political philosophers,both when they are right and when they are wrong,are more powerful than is commonly understood.Indeed,the world is ruled by little else.Practical men,who believe themselves to be quite exempt from intellectual influences,are usually the slaves of some defunct economist.Madmen in authority,who hear voices in the air,are distilling their frenzy from some academic scribbler of a few years back.,东北师大学人文地理 赵伟,3 Why Economists Disagree 经济学家因何存在分歧,They may disagree on theories about how the world works.关于世界如何运行的理论的见解不同They may hold different values and,thus,different normative views.他们的价值观，尤其是，规范性的观点不同,东北师大学人文地理 赵伟,Examples of What Most Economists Agree On经济学家们意见一致的例子,