A Study on the Culture of Chinese Tea and Western Coffee中国茶文化和西方咖啡文化之研究.doc

广东外语外贸大学商务英语本科毕业论文( 2013 届 )论文题目A Study on the Culture of Chinese Tea （英文） and Western Coffee论文题目中国茶文化和西方咖啡文化之研究（中文） 专 业学院 继教（公开）学院商务英语准考证号班级 作者姓名指导老师 完稿时间 2013年5月6日成绩 A Study on the Culture of Chinese Tea and Western Coffee Abstract: With the increasing trend of global economic development, China and western countries have attached importance to the development of all kinds of cultures from different regions. The cultures absorb and improve mutually, enjoying the pleasure and happiness from cultural communication and economic development. For example, Chinese tea culture and western coffee culture. China is the birthplace of tea which extends five-thousand-year history, and has been acting an important role in Chinese peoples life. Coffee is also very popular in any times or stages in western society, and is a part of their daily life. This paper mainly makes an introduction to tea culture, coffee culture and their influences. By the comparison between tea culture and coffee culture from the perspectives of history, beliefs, values and atmosphere, the paper aims to make people better understand the difference between Chinese culture and Western culture, and gives the representative examples of Chinese tea culture and Western coffee culture so as to prove the further positive fusion of economic development and the cultural communication between China and Western countries.Key words: Chinese tea culture; western coffee culture; cultural communication中国茶文化和西方咖啡文化之研究 摘要: 伴随世界经济的无国界发展,中国与世界各地的国家和地区不断地深入交流和发展,各样的西方文化如潮水涌入具有五千年历史的中华古国,而中华之国粹也向世界展示着传播着。本文就中国几千年的茶文化和西方的咖啡文化作出研究, 通过阐述西方咖啡文化和中国茶文化的不同历史、信仰、价值观和氛围的不同来找出可以融会贯通的地方，向人们更好地介绍中国和西方的文化的差别和相似之处, 及其举例论证中国的茶文化和有代表性的西方国家咖啡文化的融会贯通在中国和西方国家的经济发展、文化交流的积极影响。关键词：中国茶文化；西方咖啡文化；文化交流Contents1. Introduction12. Chinese tea and western coffee12.1 Origin of Chinese tea and western coffee12.1.1 The origin of Chinese tea12.1.2 The origin of western coffee22.2 Classification and benefits of Chinese tea and western coffee22.2.1 The classification and benefits of Chinese tea22.2.2 The classification and benefits of western coffee32.3 Cultural characteristics of Chinese tea and western coffee42.3.1 The cultural characteristics of Chinese tea42.3.2 The cultural characteristics of western coffee42.4 Belief of Chinese tea culture and western coffee culture52.4.1 The belief of Chinese tea culture52.4.2 The belief of western coffee culture52.5 Values of Chinese tea culture and western coffee culture52.5.1 The values of Chinese tea culture52.5.2 The values of Western coffee culture62.6 Atmosphere of Chinese tea culture and western coffee culture62.6.1 The atmosphere of Chinese tea culture62.6.2 The atmosphere of western coffee culture73. A comparison of Chinese tea culture and western coffee culture74. Fusion of Chinese tea culture and western coffee culture84.1 The affection of Chinese tea culture in western society84.2 The affection of western coffee culture in China95. Conclusion10Works Cited11A Study on the Culture of Chinese Tea and Western Coffee 1. IntroductionThe study of cultural context in communications between Chinese and Western is very important because “culture is communication and communication is culture”(Samovar and Richard 3rd). “Anthropologists define culture as any human behavior that is learned rather than genetically transmitted” (王桂珍 169）. China is truly the hometown of tea. All tea used in the world now is from China originally. Chinese tea culture has the same long history as Chinese culture.The development of the tea stands for a culture, which shows the characteristics of Chinese people. Coffee is as important for westerns as tea for Chinese, also stands in a very important position in western countries. It also shows the features and culture of the western people.Tea and Coffee, the representatives of the east and the west, are not just two kinds of drinks, but symbols of two cultures which belive people of their own greatly history. In China, there is an goes saying: “Firewood, rice, oil, salt, sauce, vinegar and tea are the seven necessities to begin a day”(陈风 等 4）. Though tea is the last one on the list, we still can see the importance of tea in daily life of Chinese people. In west, people also say: “If Im not in the coffee house, I will be on the way to the coffee house”(陈风 等 4) .Although it is a simple joke, it also reflects the real life of western people. In modernize time, Chinese tea culture and western coffee culture caused rapid economic development, and tea and coffee become not only drinkable, but also an important conduit of communicationpeople can make friends by the table in a tea house or coffee house, friends can promote feelings while drinking tea or coffee, businessmen can make business transactions from the tea table or coffee table. In western countries, tea is normally consumed at social events, and in China, coffee is extensively enjoyed. The paper will detail introduce the classification, cultural characteristics, belief, values and atmosphere of Chinese tea culture and western coffee culture,comparing their difference and similarity then find the key point to melded to each other for promote the cultural communication between China and western counties.2. Chinese tea and western coffeeTea and coffee is ordinary in modern daily life, but they have own section of interesting history. In addition, they are related with the cultural, economic, political, international trade closely, they are the representations of cultural communication. 2.1 Origin of Chinese tea and western coffeeEverything has its birthplace,especially for the long and mysterious history of Chinese tea and western coffee. 2.1.1 The origin of Chinese tea“Tea was discovered by Shennong and became popular as a drink in the State of Lu because of Zhou Gong”(陆羽 2）.According to the legend, Shennong, tasted hundreds of wild plants to see which were poisonous and which were edible, so that prevent people from eating the poisonous plants. It is said that he was poisoned seventy-two times in one day but was saved by chewing some tender leaves of an evergreen plant blossoming with white flowers. Since he had a transparent belly, people could see how the food moved throughout his stomach and intestines. When they saw the juice of the tender leaves go up and down in the stomach as if it were searching for something, they called it “cha”, meaning search in Chinese(陆羽6). Later it was renamed “cha” having the same sound of the present one and create into being.2.1.2 The origin of western coffee Coffee drinking story spread around the world is one of the greatest and most romantic in history. It starts in the Horn of Africa, in Ethiopia, where the coffee tree probably originated in the province of Kaffa. There are various fanciful but unlikely stories surrounding the discovery of the properties of roasted coffee beans. One story has it that an Ethiopian goatherd was amazed at the lively behaviour of his goats after chewing red coffee berries. What we know with more certainty is that the succulent outer cherry flesh was eaten by slaves taken from present day Sudan into Yemen and Arabia, through the great port of its day, Mocha, now synonymous with coffee. Coffee was certainly being cultivated in Yemen by the 15th century and probably much earlier than that(林莹 毛永年 3). 2.2 Classification and benefits of Chinese tea and western coffeeTea has thousands of classification that is one way to classify based on degree of fermentation of the tea.However, coffees classification trends to classify from its steam component.2.2.1 The classification and benefits of Chinese teaChinese tea can be classified in different ways. According to degree of fermentation system, Chinese tea can be roughly divided into: green tea, yellow tea, white tea, oolong tea and black tea. The degree of fermentation ranges from low to high(金玖廷 等 12).Green Tea Green tea has the largest output in China. It is the unfermented tea and has the longest history. Green tea is made by simply but carefully heating the leaves which must be kept green and unbroken while they are being heated.Green tea helps with anti-aging and prevents computer radiation and bad breath. White Tea White tea belongs to one of the slightly fermented tea. It is the specialty of China and is made through withering and arefaction.White tea helps enhance immune function and protects the heart and blood vessels. Oolong Tea Oolong tea is a kind of green tea which is a half-fermented tea between black tea and green tea. Typical oolong tea leaves are green in the middle and red on the edges as a result of the process to soften tea leaves. Oolong tea is helpful in anti-aging, reducing high blood pressure, lowering the cholesterol, preventing coronary heart disease and aiding digestion. Black Tea Black tea is totally different from green tea and is a kind of completely fermented tea. It named black tea, for the tea liquid and tea leaves are reddish black. The black tea tastes sweet and can facilitate the fostering of yang energy in human body and erase the greasiness of the stomach. Also, it warms the stomach and helps with digestion. It is a good choice in cold seasons. It is quite good for losing weight. In summer or warm climate, tea seems to dispel the heat and bring on instant coolness together with a feeling of relaxation. Medically, the tea leaf contains a number of chemicals, of which 20-30% is tannic acid, known for its anti-inflammatory and germicidal properties. It also contains an alkaloid (5%, mainly caffeine), a stimulant for the nerve centre and the process of metabolism. Tea with the aromatics in it may help resolve meat and fat and thus promote digestion. It is, therefore, of special importance to people who live mainly on meat, like many of the ethnic minorities in China(李晓燕, 梁肖露 20). Tea is also rich in various vitamins ,for smokers, it helps to discharge nicotine out of the system. After wining, strong tea may prove to be a sobering pick-me-up.2.2.2 The classification and benefits of western coffee Coffee is a excellent substance, but sometimes it is difficult to understand the precise differences between different varieties. Discover those distinctions below.Blue Mountain Coffee The Blue Mountains are generally located between Kingston to the south and Port Maria to the north. The climate of the region is cool and misty with high rainfall.The soil is rich with excellent drainage. This combination of climate and soil is considered ideal for coffee.Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee is a globally protected certification mark meaning that only coffee certified by the Coffee Industry Board of Jamaica can be labeled as such. It comes from a recognised growing region in the Blue Mountain region of Jamaica and its cultivation is monitored by the Coffee Industry Board of Jamaica. Coffee Latte “Latte” is from the transliteration of the Italian. Coffee latte simply referred "coffee with milk". It's is a coffee beverage consisting strong or bold coffee (sometimes espresso) mixed with scalded milk in approximately a 1:1 ratio(林莹 毛永年 15).Cappuccino A cappuccino differs from a coffee latte in that it is prepared with much less steamed or textured milk than the coffee latte with the total of espresso and milk/foam making up between approximately 150 ml and 180 ml. Cappuccino is a coffee-based drink prepared with espresso, hot milk, and steamed milk foam. A cappuccino is traditionally served in a porcelain cup, which has far better heat retention characteristics than glass or paper. The foam on top of the cappuccino acts as an insulator and helps retain the heat of the liquid, allowing it to stay hotter longer. Coffee Mocha Coffee Mocha is a variant of a coffee latte. Like a latte, it is typically one third espresso and two thirds steamed milk, but a portion of chocolate is added, typically in the form of a chocolate syrup, although other vending systems use instant chocolate powder. Mochas can contain dark or milk chocolate. In the U.S. it usually refers to a cappuccino made with chocolate. According to Aofort report of coffee and health, “Coffee appears to reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, heart disease, diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis of the liver, and gout” (2nd).But some scientific studies said that excess coffee consumption may lead to a magnesium deficiency or hypomagnesaemia, and may be a risk factor for coronary heart disease.We should be take the circumstances into consideration when drinking coffee.2.3 Cultural characteristics of Chinese tea and western coffeeDifferent ethnic have different spirit and customer, tea and coffee played an important role from orient time to now.2.3.1 The cultural characteristics of Chinese tea Tea is an important part of the traditional Chinese culture. With the social development and progress, tea has not only played a good role in driving the development in the economy, but it has also become a necessity in peoples lives. Moreover, it has gradually developed into a resplendent tea culture and has become a bright pearl of the spiritual civilization of Chinas society. The emergence of the tea culture brings the spirit and wisdom of human beings to a higher level. Tea has an extremely close relationship with culture, covers a wide field and has very rich content. It not only has the embodiment of spiritual civilization, but it also has the extension of the ideological form. There is no doubt that it is beneficial in enhancing the cultural accomplishments and artistic appreciation of people.Chinese tea was exported by land and sea, first to Japan and Korea, then to India and Central Asia, in the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) Dynasties, to the Arabian Peninsula. In the early period of the 17th century, Chinese tea was exported to Europe, where the upper class adopted the fashion of drinking tea. Chinese tea, like Chinese silk and china, is an outstanding contribution to the world's material and spiritual civilization(杨江帆 83). 2.3.2 The cultural characteristics of western coffeeCoffee has played an important role in many societies throughout history. In Africa and Yemen it was used in religious ceremonies. In the 17th century it was banned in Ottoman Turkey for political reasons. In Europe it was once associated with rebellious political activities. Today, trade in coffee has a large economic value. Coffee is an important export commodity for many countries; in 2004, coffee was the top agricultural export for twelve of countries, and in 2005, it was among the world's top fifteen legal agricultural exports in value. From 1998 to 2000, 6.7 million tons of coffee was produced ann