UNIT 3 THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT 英国的议会PPT英语课件下载.ppt

,Unit 3 The British Parliament,David Cameron,Who is the Prime Minister at present?,Lead-in,Which party is the governing party(执政党)currently in the UK?,A.The Conservative Party(保守党)B.The Liberal Democrats Party(自由民主党)C.The Labour PartyD.The Communist Party,Key:C,Lead-in,The Legislature,Para 1,Keep in Mind,Checks and Balances,By this way the power of government is placed in several hands,each with a distinctive function.And that ensures each of the three branches of government a sufficient role in the actions of others so that no branch may dominate the others.,The British Constitution,There is no written constitution in the United Kingdom.The British Constitution is not set out in any single document,but made up of statute law(成文法),common law(普通法),and conventions(习惯法).The Judiciary determines common law and interpret statutes.,Para 2,Keep in Mind,2023/2/12,8,The Constitution,No Written Constitution(Britain and Israel),Para 2,Constitution,I,1.1 Statutory Law(成文法)passed by Parliamentexample the Magna Carta(1215)the Bill of Rights(1689)the Reform Act(1832)the European Communities Act(1972)the European Communities(Amendment)Act(1986),Para 2,Constitution,I,1.2 Common law(普通法)A written law gathered from numerous decisions of the courts and other sources.1.3 Conventions（习惯法）rules and practices which do not exist legally,but are regarded as vital(very important)to the working of government.,Para 2,Keep in Mind,The sources of British law include _.statutes,common law,equity law and European Community law statutes,common law and equity lawstatutes,common law and European Community law a complete code and statutes,Key:A,Para 2,The Houses of Parliament,Para 3,Parliament,The United Kingdom is a unitary State.Parliament consists of the Sovereign(the Queen),the House of Lords and the House of Commons.Terms:a maximum duration of five years.,The word parliament comes from the verb“to parley,that is,to discuss or talk.,Para 3,What are the main functions of Parliament?,The main functions of Parliament are:(1)to pass laws;(2)to provide the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation;(3)to examine government policy and administration,including proposals for expenditure;(4)to debate the major issues of the day.,Para 3,To pass a law,Prime MinisterThe cabinetPropose,The House of CommonsDebate Three Readings,The House of LordsReview,The QueenGive royal consent,Legislative Body（Parliament）,Para 3,Parliament(legislative body),1)The Crown:the official head of Parliament2)The House of Lords(the Upper House)Chairman:the Lord Chancellor（大法官）3)The House of Commons(the Lower House)Chairman:the Speaker（议长）,Para 4,House of Lords,The House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual(Archbishops of Canterbury and York and 24 senior bishops of the Church of England)and Lords Temporal(a.hereditary peers and peeresses without Ireland;b.life peers who assist the judicial duties in Lords of Appeal or“law lord”;c.other life peers).Main function:bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking.Head:Lord Chancellor or Speaker of the House,who takes his place on the woolsack(英国上议院议长兼大法官的羊毛坐垫),Para 6,18,The House of Lords,Notes:They represent the interests of themselves rather than thoseof common citizens.However,they usually put forward useful amendments which are later accepted by the Commons.Unlike MPs,they receive no salaries.,Keep in Mind,Para 6,The House of Lords meets in a lavishly decorated chamber in the Palace of Westminster,Para 6,Except that _ may not be a Roman Catholic,public offices are open without distinction to members of all churches or of none.A.the lord Chancellor B.the Prime Minister C.the Speaker D.the ministers of all departments,Key:A,Para 6,House of Commons,651MPs represent 651 constituency It is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority for law-making resides.Parliamentary Electoral System A.Two types:a.General Election(all the seats are contested);b.by-election(when an MP dies or resigns or is given a peerage).B.Terms:A General Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals.C.Qualification:a.voters(aged 18 or over;in the annual register;no disqualification);b.candidates(aged 21 or over;no disqualification;deposit 500 which is returned if he takes 5%or more of the vote).The Political Party System A.Two-party system:a.Conservative Party;b.Labor Party.,Para 8,Functions of the House of Commons,Debating issues of national and international importance.Supervising Government by questioning.Controlling Government income and spendingAble to alter or oppose proposed new laws.,Para 8,Chamber where House of Commons Presides,Para 8,House of Lords,House of commons,Para 8,The Executive,Prime MinisterThe Cabinet MinistersThe assistants of ministersPrivy CouncilCivil servants,Para 9,The Cabinet and Ministry,1.Prime Minister Name:First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service Sits:in the House of Commons Official residence:No.10 Downing Street in London the leader of political party with majority“seats”in parliament2.Cabinet:To ensure good relations between Crown and Parliament,the king or queen met regularly with a group of important Parliamentarians,a group which became known as the Cabinet,composed by the most senior ministers(usually about 20MPs chosen by Prime Minister),which meets under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister for a few hours each week to decide Government policy on major issues.It is the real center of British political life.3.Ministers are responsible collectively to Parliament for all Cabinet decisions.,Para 9,Cabinet,To ensure good relations between Crown and Parliament,the king or queen met regularly with a group of important Parliamentarians,a group which became known as the Cabinet,composed by the most senior ministers(usually about 20MPs chosen by Prime Minister),which meets under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister for a few hours each week to decide Government policy on major issues.It is the real center of British political life.,Keep in Mind,Para 9,southern most part of Whitehall is also called Parliament Street,Para 9,London police in No.10 Downing Street,29,Para 9,Which of the following Statements is NOT true about the Prime Minister in Britain?,A.He is appointed by the Queen.B.He is the Minister for the Civil Service.C.He sits in the House of Commons.D.He receives 88,292 a year.,Key:D,a salary of 197,689(including MPs salary of 64,766)from 1 April 2009;cabinet minister:a salary of 144,520(including MPs salary of 64,766)from 1 April 2009.The annual income for ordinary Britain is 30,000.,Para 9,The Privy Council,枢密院Full Name：Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council 女王陛下最尊敬的枢密院It is the private advisory council of the British sovereign.,Additional,The Privy Council,1.History:Witan;Great Council.2.Role:Today its role is largely formal,advising the sovereign to approve certain government decrees(so called orders-in-council:枢密院赦令)and issuing royal proclamations.3.Its membership is about 400,and includes all Cabinet ministers,the Speaker of the House of Commons,the Archbishops of Canterbury and York,and senior British and Commonwealth statesmen.4.Head:Lord President of the Council5.Today its role is largely formal,advising the sovereign to approve certain government decrees.,Additional,The Privy Council,Formerly the chief source of executive power.It gave the Sovereign private(“privy”)advice on the government of the country.Today its role is mainly formal,advising the Sovereign to approve certain government decrees and issuing royal proclamation.Its membership is about 400.,Keep in Mind,Additional,Government Departments and the Civil Service,1.Government Departments and their agencies are the main instruments for implementing government policy.2.Civil Service:whose duty is to assist in carrying out the administration of laws passed by Parliament.3.Civil Service is managed by the Treasury and the Cabinet Office.4.Level in Civil Service:a.grades 1 to 7 are the Open Structure;b.lower structure is based on a system of occupational groups.,Additional,Government Department and the Civil Service,The principal Government department main includes:the Treasury(财政部),the House of office(办公厅),the Foreign and Commonwealth office（外交和联邦事务部）,the Ministry of Defense（国防部）,Additional,Civil Service（文职人员,公务员）,Servants of the CrownNon-political group,There are about 541,800 civil servants in Britain now.Career officials who remain in office despite changes in governmentOffering advice about the possible consequences of policyResponsible for implementing the policies of Government,Additional,Local Government,1.Two tiers:county councils and district councils.2.Greater London is divided into 32 boroughs and the City of London,each of which has a council responsible for local government in its area.3.County councils provide large-scale services;district councils are responsible for the more local ones.,Additional,Members of the Civil Service are called Civil Servants.They staff government departments.Civil Servants are recruited mainly by competitive examination.Civil servants do not belong to any political party.Changes of Government do not involve changes in departmental staff,There are about 541800 civil servants in Britain now.,Civil Servants,Additional,Text B Political Parties in the UK,What are the two major parties in the UK?,Labour party conservative party,State of the parties at 24 July 2009Labour(工党)349Conservative（保守党）193Liberal Democrat(自由民主党)63 Scottish National Party/Plaid Cymru（苏格兰民族党）10 SNP 7/PC 3 Democratic Unionist 9 Sinn Fein(新芬党)(Northern Ireland)5 Have not taken their seats and cannot vote Social Democratic&Labour Party(社会民主工党(Northern Ireland)3 Independent 5 Independent Conservative 1 Independent Labour 1 Ulster Unionist(北爱尔兰统一党)1 Respect 1 Speaker&3 Deputies 4 Do not normally vote Vacant seats 1Total no.of seats 646(349 Labour MPs less 287 of all other parties-excludes Speaker&Deputies and Sinn Fein),1)The Conservative Party Evolved from the Tory Party Longer history Holding more traditional capitalist ideas Emphasis on private interests Represents the upper&middle classes Policies:privatization Called the“Right”,42,Two-Party System,2)The Labor Party A mixture of the Whig Party(Liberal),the Fabian Society(费边社)and trade unions Represents middle&lower classes Took power after WWII Socialist in nature Social equality Social welfare Nationalization Called the“Left”,43,2.1.2 Other Parties 1)The Liberal Democratic Party Sitting on the fence 2)The Communist Party Not very strong 2.1.3 Election 1)Period:every five years at nationwide level.2)Number of constituencies:645 3)The general election:voting is not compulsory.,44,the general electiona.The voterswho have the right to vote(be registered to vote,be at least 18-years-old on polling day,be British or be a Commonwealth or Republic of Ireland citizen living in the U.K.)b.The time regularly every 5 years c.The candidates qualification a nomination form signed by 10 voters from that constituency;a 500 deposit;not need to be a member of a political party,45,d.The procedure 1)set the date 2)distribute voting cards 3)electoral campaign(on TV&radio)4)check and cast votes 5)counting votes 6)the result(deciding both MPs and the PM),46,4)The Opposite Party:Shadow Cabinet Her Majestys Loyal Opposition,or the Official Opposition;led by the Leader of the Opposition;the political party with the second largest number of seats in the House of Commons;the Conservative Party(since May 1997).,47,The Opposition,In the General Election,the party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the official Opposition,with its own leader and“shadow cabinet”.The aims of the Opposition are to contribute to the formulation of policy and legislation,to oppose government proposals,to seek amendments to government bills,and to put forward its own policies in order to win the next general election.,Keep in Mind,Results of the UK General Election,2005,Red is the Labor Party.Blue is the Conservative Party Yellow is the Liberal Democrats.Seats won in the election(outer ring)against number of votes(inner ring).,Text C Margaret Thatcher,(1979.5-1990.1),Thatcherism,Thatcherism describes the conviction politics,economic and social policy,and political style of the British Conservative politician Margaret Thatcher,who was leader of her party from 1975 to 1990.It has also been used by some to describe the beliefs of the British government while Thatcher was Prime Minister between May 1979 and November 1990,and beyond into the governments of John Major,Tony Blair,Gordon Brown and David Cameron,The Introduction Margaret Hilda Roberts was born on 13 October 1925 in Grantham,Lincolnshire,the daughter of a grocer.She went to Oxford University and then became a research chemist,retraining to become a barrister in 1954.In 1951,she married Denis Thatcher,a wealthy businessman,with whom she had two children.Early political careerThatcher became a Conservative member of parliament for Finchley in North London in 1959,serving as its MP until 1992.Her first parliamentary post was junior minister for pensions in Harold Macmillans government.From 1964 to 1970,when Labour were in power,she served in a number of positions in Edward Heaths shadow cabinet.Heath became prime minister in 1970 and Thatcher was appointed secretary for education.,LeadershipAfter the Conservatives were defeated in 1974,Thatcher challenged Heath for the leadership of the party and,to the surprise of many,won.In the 1979 general election,the Conservatives came to power and Thatcher became prime minister.She was an advocate of privatizing state-owned industries and utilities,reforming trade unions,lowering taxes and reducing social expenditure across the board.Thatchers policies succeeded in reducing inflation,but unemployment dramatically increased during her years in power,Victory in the Falklands War in 1982 and a divided opposition helped Thatcher win a landslide victory in the 1983 general election.In 1984,she narrowly escaped death when the IRA planted a bomb at the Conservative party conference in Brighton.In foreign affairs,Thatcher cultivated a close political and personal relationship with US president Ronald Reagan,based on a common mistrust of communism,combined with free-market economic ideology.Thatcher was nicknamed the Iron Lady by the Soviets.She warmly welcomed the rise of reformist Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.In the 1987 general election,Thatcher won an unprecedented third term in office.But controversial policies,including the poll tax and her opposition to any closer integration with Europe,produced divisions within the Conservative Party which led to a leadership challenge.In November 1990,she agreed to resign and was succeeded as party leader and prime minister by John Major.,The end of an eraIn 1992,Thatcher left the House of Commons.She was appointed a peeress in the House of Lords with the title of Baroness Thatcher