职称英语考试 卫生类 B 押题 小抄字典版.doc

*9The Case of the Disappearing FingerprintsOne useful anti-cancer drug can effectively erase the whorls and other characteristic marks that give people their distinctive fingerprints. Losing _1 them could become troublesome. A case released online in a letter by Annals of Oncology indicates how big a _2 problem _ of losing fingerprints is.Eng-Huat Tan, a Singapore-based medical doctor describes a 62-year old man who has used capecitabine to _3 treat _ his nasopharyngeal cancer. After three years on the _4 drug._ ，the patient decided to visit U. S. relatives last December. But he was stopped by U. S. customs officials _ 5for _ 4 hours after entering the country when those officials couldn't get fingerprints from the man. There were no distinctive swirly _6 marks _ appearing from his index finger.U. S. customs has been fingerprinting incoming foreign visitors for years, Tan says. Their index fingers are _7 printed._ and screened against digital files of the fingerprints of bad guys terrorists and potential criminals that our federal guardians have been tasked with keeping out of the country. Unfortunately, for the Singaporean traveler，one potential _8 side _ effect of his drug treatment is a smoothing of the tissue on the finger pads. _9 Hence _ ，no fingerprints. “It is uncertain when fingerprint loss will _10 begin _ to take place in patients who are taking capecitabine，” Tan points out. So he cautions any physicians who _11 prescribe _ the drug to provide their patients with .a doctors note pointing out that their medicine may cause fingerprints to disappear.“Eventually, the Singapore traveler made it into the United States. I guess the name on his passport didnt raise any red flags. But he，s also now got the explanatory doctors note and wont leave home _12without_ it.By the way, maybe the Food and Drug Administration, _13which_ approved use of the drug 11 years ago, should consider _14_ updating _ its list of side effects associated with this medicine. The current list does note that patients may experience vomiting, stomach pain and some other side effects. But no where _15 does._ it mention the potential for loss of fingerprints.*6Once-daily Pill Could Simplify HIV TreatmentBristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences have combined many HIV drugs into a single pill Sometimes the best medicine is more than one kind of medicine. Malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS,2 for example, are all treated with combinations of drugs. But that can mean a lot of pills to take. It would be simpler if drug companies combined all the medicines into a single pill, taken just once a day. Now, two companies say they have done that for people just starting treatment for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. The companies are Bristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences. They have developed a single pill that combines three drugs currently on the market.3 Bristol-Myers Squibb sells one of them under the name of Sustiva.4 Gilead combined the others, Emtriva and Viread, into a single pill in two thousand four. Combining drugs involves more than technical issues. It also involves issues of competition if the drugs are made by different companies. The new once-daily pill is the result of what is described as the first joint venture agreement of its kind in the treatment of HIV In January the New England Journal of Medicine5 published a study of the new pill. Researchers compared its effectiveness to6 that of the widely used combination of Sustiva and Combivir. Combivir contains two drugs, AZT7 and 3TC.8 The researchers say that after one year of treatment, the new pill suppressed HIV levels in more patients and with fewer side effects.9 Gilead paid for the study. Professor Joel Gallant at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland, led the research. He is a paid adviser to Gilead and Bristol-Meyers Squibb as well as the maker of Combivir, GlaxoSmithKline. Glaxo Smith Kline reacted to the findings by saying that a single study is of limited value. It says the effectiveness of Combivir has been shown in each of more than fifty studies. The price of the new once-daily pill has not been announced. But Gilead and Bristol-Myers Squibb say they will provide it at reduced cost to developing countries. They plan in the next few months to ask the United States Food and Drug Administration10 to approve the new pill. There are limits to who could take it because of the different drugs it contains. For example, pregnant women are told not to take Sustiva because of the risk of birth disorders.11 Experts say more than forty million people around the world are living with HIV*7Exercise Whether or not exercise adds to the length of life, it is common experience that a certain amount of regular exercise improves the health and contributes a feeling of well-being. Furthermore, exerise which involves play and recreation, and relieves nervous tension and mental fatigue in so doing, is not only pleasant but beneficial.How much and what kind of exercise one should take merits careful consideration.The growing child and the normal young man and young woman thrill with the exhilaration of strenuous sports. They fatigue to the point of exhaustion but recover promptly with a period of rest. But not so with those _of middle age and beyond. For them moderation is of vital importance. Just how much exercise a person of a given age can safely take is question hard _to answer. Individual variability is too great to permit of generalization. A game of tennis may be perfectly safe for one person of forty but folly for another. The sage limit for exercise depends on the condition of the heart, the condition of the muscles, the type of exercise, and the regularity with which it is taken. Two general suggestions, however, will serve as sound advice for anyone. The first is that the condition of the heart and general health should be determined periodically by careful, thorough physical examinations. The other is that exercise should be kept below the point of physical exhaustion.What type of exercise one should choose _depens upon ones physical condition. Young people can safely enjoy vigorous competitive sports, but most older persons do better to limit themselves to less strenuous activities. Walking, swimming, skating are among the sports that one can enjoy and safely participate in throughout life. Regularity is important if one is to get the most enjoyment and benefit out of exercise.*8 Old And ActiveIt is wellknown that life expectancy is longer in Japan than in most other countries. A recent report also shows that Japan has the longest health expectancy in the worldA healthy long life is the result of improvement in social environment.Scientists are trying to work out exactly what keeps elderly Japanese people so healthy, and whether there is a lesson to be learnt from their lifestyles for the rest of us. Should we make any changes to our eating habits, for instance, or go jogging each day before breakfast? Is there some secret ingredient in the Japanese diet that is particularly beneficial to the human body?Another factor contributing to the rapid population aging in Japan is a decline in birthrateAlthough longer life should be celebrated, it is actually considered a social problemThe number of older people had doubled in the last half century and that has increased pension and medical costsThe country could soon be facing an economic problem, if there are so many old people to be looked after and relatively few younger people working and paying taxes to support themRaising the retirement age from 65 to 70 could be one solution to the problem. Work can give the elderly a sense of responsibility and mission in life. Its important that the elderly play active roles in the society and live in harmony with all generations.*10Hospital Mistreatment According to a study, most medical interns report experiencing mistreatment, including humiliation by senior doctors, being threatened, or physical abuse in their first year out of medical school.The findings come from analysis of the responses to a 13-page survey mailed in January 1991 to 1, 733 second-year residents. The survey and analysis appear in the April 15th issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association. Overall, out of the 1,277 residents who completed surveys, 1,185 said that they had experienced at least one incident of mistreatment in their intern year. In addition to reporting incidents where they were abused, more than 45% of the residents said they had witnessed at least one incident where other persons had made false medical records. Moreover, nearly three quarters of the residents said they had witnessed mistreatment of patients by other residents, attending physicians, or nurses. Almost 40% said patient mistreatment was a frequent event. More than 10% of the residents said they were not allowed to have enough sleep, and the average number of hours without _ sleep was 37.6. The average on-call hours during a _ typical week was 56.9 hours, but about 25% of the residents said their on-call assignments were more than 80 hours some weeks. Although 30% of the residents said they experienced some type of sexual harassment or discrimination, verbal abuse was the most common problem cited. When abusive incidents were limited to events occurring three or more times, 53% of the respondents reported that they were belittled or humiliated by more senior residents, while just over 21% reported someone taking credit for their work. Being “given tasks for punishment,” “being pushed, kicked or hit,” and having someone “threatening your reputation or career,” were reported as a more frequent occurrence by over 10% of the responding residents.*8 Old And ActiveIt is wellknown that life expectancy is longer in Japan than in most other countries. A recent report also shows that Japan has the longest health expectancy in the worldA healthy long life is the result of improvement in social environment.Scientists are trying to work out exactly what keeps elderly Japanese people so healthy, and whether there is a lesson to be learnt from their lifestyles for the rest of us. Should we make any changes to our eating habits, for instance, or go jogging each day before breakfast? Is there some secret ingredient in the Japanese diet that is particularly beneficial to the human body?Another factor contributing to the rapid population aging in Japan is a decline in birthrateAlthough longer life should be celebrated, it is actually considered a social problemThe number of older people had doubled in the last half century and that has increased pension and medical costsThe country could soon be facing an economic problem, if there are so many old people to be looked after and relatively few younger people working and paying taxes to support themRaising the retirement age from 65 to 70 could be one solution to the problem. Work can give the elderly a sense of responsibility and mission in life. Its important that the elderly play active roles in the society and live in harmony with all generations.1. “Dont Drink Alone” Gets New Meaning2. Prolonging Human Life3. Sleep Lets Brain File Memories4. Eating Potatoes Gives Your Immune System a Boost5. Exercise Can Replace Insulin for Elderly Diabetics6.FDA: Human, Animal Waste Threatens Produce7.Early or Later Day Car8.Egypt Felled by Famine9. After-birth Depression Blamed for Woman's Suicide10. Obesity: the Scourge of the Western World11. New Attempts to Eradicate AIDS Virus12.Diseases of Agricultural Plants13.Silent and Deadly14. Spacing in Animals15Fruit and Vegetables Juices As Beneficial to Health as Fruits and Veggies116.In-line Skating and Injuries17.Medicine Award Kicks off Nobel Prize Announcements1. “Dont Drink Alone” Gets New Meaning1) Researchers have found that the risk of cancer in the mouth and neck is higher with people2) Which of the following is NOT the conclusion made by the researchers about “drinking with meals”?3) Approximately how many drinks do the lowest-intake group average per day?4) Which cancer risk is the lowest among all the four kinds of cancer mentioned in the passage?5) According to the last paragraph, tissues lower exposure to alcohol1) who drink alcohol outside of mealsur. 2) It increases by 20 percent the possibility of cancer in all sites. 3) 3 drinks. 4) Laryngeal cancer. 5) reduces the risk of laryngeal cancer. 2. Prolonging Human Life1. The writer believes that the population explosion results from2. It can be inferred from the passage that in hunting and gathering cultures3. According to the passage, which of the following statements about retired people in the United States is true?4. In Paragraph 3, the phrase “this need” refers to5. Which of the following best describes the writers attitude toward most of the nursing homes, and convalescent hospitals?1）a decrease in death rates 2）infants could be left dead in times of starvation.3）Many of them have a very hard life.4）the need to take care of sick and weak people.5）Critical.3. Sleep Lets Brain File Memories1) Which of the following statements is nearest in meaning to the sentence “To sleep. Perchance to file?”?2) What is the result of the experiment with rats and mice carried out at Rutgers University?3) What is the relation of memory to glucose tolerance, as is indicated by a research mentioned in paragraph 4?4) In what way is memory related to hippocampus shrinkage?5) According to the last paragraph, what is the ultimate reason for going to the gym?1) Does brain arrange memories in useful order during sleep?2) Somatosensory neocortex and hippocampus work together tin memory consolidation.3) The poorer the memory, the poorer glucose tolerance.4) The more hippocampus shrinks, the poorer ones memory.5) To control glucose levels.5） To control glucose levels4. Eating Potatoes Gives Your Immune System a Boost1) What form of potato is the most nutrient to the human body?2) What does the reduction in leucocyte levels in the body mean?3) For what a purpose did the researchers use raw potato starch in their experiment?4) All of the following foods are rich in resistant starch EXCEPT5) What a kind of starch is resistant starch after all?1) Potato salad. 2) It may mean the reduced levels of inflammation.3) They wanted to simulate the effects of a diet high in resistant starch.4) vegetables5) It cannot be digested in the small intestine and ferments in the large intestine.5. Exercise Can Replace Insulin for Elderly Diabetics1） How could most elderly type II diabetics stop taking insulin?2） Physical exercise may increase the body ability to utilise insulin by3） The subjects of the research tests conducted at the Copenhagen Central Hospi