外研社版九级英语课堂笔记 Module 2 Great books.doc

外研社版九年级英语课堂笔记Module 2 Great books一词语链接：1. influence n.&v. - influential adj. (under the influence of -)2. respect n.&v. - respectable adj. (可敬的) / respectful adj.(恭敬的) 3. think v. - thinker n. (人) / thought n.(想法) 4. wise adj. - wisdom n. (=clever/bright) 5. month n. - monthly adj.(类似词hourly, daily, weekly, semimonthly 半月的, bimonthly双月的, quarterly, yearly) 6. literature n. - literary adj. 7. behave v. - behaviour n. 8. free adj. - freedom n. 9. funeral n. - funereal adj. 10. outside adj. / adv. / n. - outsider n. 11. society n. - social / societal adj. 12. theme n. - thematic adj. - thematically adv. 13. clever adj. - cleverish adj. - cleverly adv. 14. die v.- death n. - dead adj. / dying adj. 15. pleased adj. (人) - pleasant adj. (事情) - pleasure n. 16. south n. - southern adj.17. history n. - historic adj. (有历史意义的) - historical adj. (历史上的) 18. edit v. - editor n. (人) - edition n. (版本) 19. publish v. - publisher n. - publishable adj. (可发表的) 20. review v. - reviewer n.1. live, lively, living 与aliveAalive是表语形容词，作“活着的”，“在世的”解，与dead相对应。它既可以修饰人也可以修饰物。They were alive and as happy as ever. Was the snake alive (=living) or dead?alive作定语时，应将其放在被修饰的名词后面（后置定语）。All the other comrades were killed in the battle (战斗). He was the only man alive. alive可用作主语/宾语的补足语。The fish were caught alive.（这些鱼被活捉。）The medicine can keep them alive. Bliving意为“活着的”，主要用作定语，常置于名词之前，有时也可置于名词之后。也可用作表语。Every living person has a name.每一个活着的人都有一个名字。(定语)No man living could do better.当代人没有一个能做得比这更好。（当代无人可比）。（后置定语）。Is Mrs. Smith still living?史密斯太太还在世吗？(表语) the living表示“活着的人”，表复数意义。The living are more important to us than the dead.对我们来说活着的人比死了的人更重要。Clive laiv ，意为“活着的”，可以作定语，放在所修饰的名词之前，一般不用来修饰人。The cat was playing with a live mouse.那只猫在玩弄一只活老鼠。live还可以作“现场播出的”解。Itll be the biggest live concert the world has ever seen.那将是全世界的人曾见过的最大的一场直播live还可用作动词，读作liv，意为“生活”、“生存”。Pandas usually live in the south and the southeast of China.熊猫通常生活在中国的南部和东南部。D. lively laivli，意为“生动的、活泼的，充满生气的”，用作表语、定语或宾补，可用来修饰人或物。The sports ground is lively with all sorts (各种的) of ball games. The boy has a lively mind.2. happen与take place 二者都是不及物性质的动词或短语，只能用主动语态，而没有被动语态。 happen 用事物作主语，表示偶然发生之意。涉及动作的宾语前要加介词to. The accident happened at night. If anything happens to your computer, please let us know. take place用事物作主语，表示事情发生不是偶然的，而是按意图、计划进行的之意。 The 2012 Olympic Games will take place in London.提示: 1). sb. + happen + to do sth. 表示某人碰巧做某事 I happened to be at the airport when he arrived. 2). It happens / happened that -(从句). It happened that the actor was her classmate. = The actor happened to be her classmate. 3. instead与instead of instead “取而代之/而是/可是/相反”，副词，位于句首/尾作状语。（有时不译，所在句子表肯定义） He is tired. Let me go instead. He didnt answer my question. Instead, he asked me a question. instead of-“代替-，而不是-”介短，位于句中，后必接词语。(有时不译，instead of 后表否定义） I will go instead of him. (代词作宾语:宾格) Ill do it tomorrow instead of today.(名词作宾语) He asked me a question instead of answering my question.(动名词作宾语) They went there on foot instead of by bus. (介词短语作宾语) That increased instead of decreased our courage. (相同动词形式作宾语) I would like to read books instead of to do shopping on Sunday. (不定式作宾语)4. a few, few, a little, little和a bit a few (=several/not many) “有几个”， 修饰可数名词复数，表肯定意义； few “没几个/少数”， 修饰可数名词复数，表否定意义。 例：I have been here for only a few days, so I have got few friends. Few students are on the playground, are they? a little (=not much)“有一点”， 修饰不可数名词，表肯定意义； little “几乎没有”， 修饰不可数名词，表否定意义。 例：There is a little meat in the fridge, but there is little milk in it. only，just，still之后只能出现a few, a little，而不能用few, little. 例：There is only a little orange in this bottle and therere only a few oranges here. a little 与 a bit a little 与a bit 都可用于修饰形容词或副词的原级或比较级，此时可以互换使用。 例：I felt a little / bit tired after such a long journey. This bag is a little / bit bigger. a little 与a bit of 用来修饰不可数名词 例：There is a little (a bit of) water in the bottle. not a little = very “非常/很” not a bit = not at all “一点也不” 例：I didnt feel a little tired after climbing the mountain. (爬山后我感到很累) I wasnt a bit tired after climbing the mountain. (爬山后我感到一点也不累) a little bit “一点点”，表微弱的程度，用以修饰形容词或副词 例：Close the window, please. I feel a little bit cold.a little bit of“一点点的-”，表少的程度，用以修饰不可数名词。例：There is a little bit of rain in this area.5. rather than, would.rather than.与would rather.than. 1. rather than 与would 连用时，构成“would rather.than.”句式，“宁愿而不愿”，表主观愿望，即在两者之中选择其一。 She'd rather die than lose the children. 她宁愿死也不愿失去孩子们。 2. rather than 不与would连用时，表示客观事实，意为“是而不是；与其不如”。它连接的并列成分可以是名词、代词、形容词、介词(短语)、动名词、分句、不定式、动词等。(1) 连接两个名词或代词 He is an explorer rather than a sailor. 与其说他是一个海员，不如说他是一个探险者。 You rather than I are going to go camping. 是你而不是我要去要野营。 注意：rather than 连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词应与rather than 前面的名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致。 (2) 连接两个形容词 The sweater she bought was beautiful rather than cheap. 与其说她买的羊毛衫便宜不如说它漂亮。 (3) 连接两个介词(短语)或动名词 We will have the meeting in the classroom rather than in the great hall.我们是在教室开会, 不在大厅。 She enjoys singing rather than dancing. 她喜欢唱歌，而不喜欢跳舞。 (4) 连接两个分句 We should help him rather than he should help us. 是我们应该帮助他而不是他应该帮助我们。 (5) 连接两个不定式 I decided to write rather than (to) telephone. 我决定写信而不打电话。 注意：rather than 后接不定式时，不定式可以带to，也可以不带to, 如上句。但rather than位于句首时，则只能接不带to 的不定式。Rather than allow the fruits to go bad, he sold them at half price. 他唯恐水果烂掉，把它们半价卖掉。 (6) 连接两个动词 He ran rather than walked. 他是跑来的，而不是走来的。 注意：这里rather than 后用了walked，而没有用walk，表示客观事实，而不是主观愿望。如果换成walk，则作“宁愿而不愿 ”解。 2. would rather的用法 (1) would rather意思是“宁愿、宁可、更、最好、还是为好”，后接动词原形,常省略为d rather，表示优先选择的一种方式 其否定形式是would rather not do sth. would rather没有人称和数的变化，所有的人称一律用would rather。 “would rather+动词原形”是英语中常见的一个惯用句式，美国英语中多用had rather。would (had)在此决无“过去”之意，它是一个情态助动词，且无词性、时态变化。 例 Mr Li would rather not listen to rock music. 李先生不愿意听摇滚音乐。 If youd rather be alone, well all leave here. 如果你宁愿独自呆着，那我们都离开这儿。 Hed rather work in the countryside. 她宁可到农村去工作。 You would rather stay at home and do some reading this evening. 今晚你最好呆在家中读点书。 (2) 如果在两者中进行取舍，表示“宁愿而不愿，与其宁可”的意思时，则可用would ratherthan或wouldrather than的句型 例 I would rather watch TV at home than go to the cinema. 我宁可在家看电视而不愿去看电影。 The children would walk there rather than take a bus. 孩子们宁愿步行去那里而不愿乘公共汽车。 注意 1）would ratherthan/wouldrather than也可以颠倒为：rather thanwould. Would (rather)和than后都接不带to的动词不定式，若选用的动词相同，那么than 后的动词可以省略。 例 I would rather have noodles than rice. 我宁愿吃面条也不吃米饭。 He would rather drink wine than beer 他喜欢喝红葡萄酒而不喜欢喝啤酒。 Rather than work in such bad condition, he would give up. 与其在这样差的条件下工作，他宁愿放弃。 2) 使用would ratherthan句型时要注意“平行结构”，即在than 的前后要用两个同类的词或词组，如两个名词、两个不定式、两个介词短语等。 例 I would rather go to work by bike than by bus. 我宁愿骑自行车也不愿乘公共汽车去上班。 I would rather talk with his mother than with his father. 我宁愿和他妈说话而不愿和他爸说话。 (3) 在疑问句式中，would rather 与would ratherthan中的would要放在主语之前 例 Would you rather stay here or go home? 你愿意呆在这里，还是回家？ Which would you rather have, apples or bananas? 你喜欢吃苹果还是香蕉？ Would you rather read a novel than read a poem?你宁愿看小说而不愿朗读诗歌吗？ (4) would rather+从句，是一个常用的虚拟语气句型 Would rather+从句,谓语一般用过去时来表示现在或将来。其意为“宁愿,还是 好些”“一个人宁愿另一个人做某事”。引导从句的that常省略。在谈到过去的动作时，谓语则用过去完成时。 例 John wants to see me today. I would rather he came to tomorrow than today. 约翰今天想去看我。我宁愿他明天来看我而不是今天。(句中came不是表示过去而是表示将来) Wed rather he paid us the money tomorrow. 我们宁愿他明天付给我们那笔钱。 Dont come tomorrow. Id rather you came next weekend. 明天别来。我希望你下周末来。 注意 1）如谈到过去的动作，也就是表示过去已经发生的事情在选择上不恰当。此时，主句一般为I had rather , 其（that）从句则用过去完成时。 例 Would rather you had not done that. 我真希望你没有做那件事。 2）如只涉及主语本人而不涉及另一个人，则would rather后不接that从句而接have done结构。 例 I would rather have gone to the theatre than stayed home night. 我真希望昨晚去看了戏而不是呆在家。 He would rather be poor than have got money by dishonest methods 他宁可穷也不愿意用不诚实的手段获取金钱。 Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as he does亨利希望他的女朋友和他在一个部门工作。 (5) would rather/sooner和prefer/would prefer的区别 would rather和would sooner之间一般没有区别，但经常接触到的是would rather。 例Tom would rather/sooner read than talk 汤姆宁可读书而不愿谈天。 Tom prefers reading to talking汤姆喜欢读书而不喜欢谈天。 注意 1）would rather后跟不带to的不定式+than+不带 to的不定式，而prefer后跟动名词+to+动名词。有时prefer后面也可跟名词，而在would rather之后要求只带动词原形。 例 He prefers wine to beer= He would rather drink wine than beer 他喜欢喝红葡萄酒而不喜欢喝啤酒。 I prefer tennis to golf= Id rather play tennis than golf 我喜欢打网球而不喜欢打高尔夫球。 2）某些 prefer+名词的情况不能用 would rather完全确切地表达出来：He prefers dogs to cats（他喜欢狗而不喜欢猫。）He would rather have dogs than cats（他宁可养狗而不愿养猫。）很明显，这两句的意思并不完全相同。 3） would rather+不带to的不定式有时可代替 would prefer+带 to的不定式。 例 Id rather fly than go by sea=Id prefer to fly 我宁愿乘飞机也不愿乘船。 这两个结构后面带名词时情况也一样： 例 Would you like some gin？ Id prefer a coffee=Id rather have coffee than gin 您想喝点杜松子酒吗？ 我想喝点咖啡。/我想喝点咖啡，不想喝杜松子酒。 4）would rather/sooner和would prefer后面都可跟完成式，但后者带to。 例 We went by sea but Id rather have gone by air=Id prefer to have gone by air 我们是乘船去的，可我本想乘飞机去。（我愿意乘飞机去，可我的愿望未能实现。）和 would like+不定式的完成式有点相似，would like+带to 的不定式的完成式也表示未能实现的愿望。6. die, dead, death, dying的区别 die v. 死，去世，为短暂性动词，不能与延续性时间连用，表延续性用be dead， She has been dead for 3 years.她去世三年了。She died three years ago. 她三年前去世。dead adj. 死的，表状态的形容词 The poor man is dead.这个可怜的人死了。death n. 死（亡） Her death is remembered by us forever.他的过世永远铭刻在我们的心中。dying为die的现在分词，也可作形容词，表“垂死的，濒于死亡边缘的，枯萎的”之意。She is dying.她快要死了。die of 与die from 的区别die of 表示“死于病”或冻死、气死，或死于过度悲伤（常指内因）。die of cancer / grief /hunger /anger / colddie from表示死于外伤、事故、劳累过度（常指外因）。die from polluted air / overwork /sword thrust die常用短语die for ones country为国捐躯 die down熄灭、平息 die off绝种、枯死die away消逝、静下来 die a heroic death英勇牺牲7. surprise、surprised、surprising的区别surprise既用作动词，也用作名词。作动词时意为“使（某人）惊奇或吃惊”。作名词用时“惊奇、吃惊”。The bad news didn't surprise them这个坏消息没使他们吃惊。 in surprise（惊奇地）和to one's surprise（使某人感到吃惊的是）都是含有名词surprise的两个短语。His brows went up in surprise.他惊讶地竖起眉毛。 To my surprise, the dog is still alive使我吃惊的是，那条狗还活着。 surprised和surprising都是从动词surprise变来的两个形容词，但其用法区别在于：surprised有被动意味，表示“对感到惊奇”，主语习惯上是人，且其后多接介词at；surprising有主动意味，指“使人惊奇的”，作表语时主语习惯上是事。试比较： I was surprised at his answer我对他的回答感到吃惊。 Your success is surprising你们的成功使人吃惊。8. too, either, also, as well的区别：too：具肯定意义，当相邻的两个肯定句所叙述的事实相同时，后句末尾常用too表示“(后者)也”。Jim likes red. I like red, too.吉姆喜欢红色，我也喜欢。You may have a try, too.你也可以试一试。either：在否定句中，常用either表示“(后者)也(不)”。If he doesn't go, I won't either.如果他不去，我也不去。It won't do them any good, but it won't do them any harm either.这对他们没好处，但也没什么害处。also：含较庄重色彩，通常用于主要动词之前，但若主要动词是be，则置于其后。They also agree with me.他们也同意我的意见。I was also there.我也在那儿。as well：常用于句末，意为“也；还”。He speaks English, and he knows French as well.他说英语，也懂法语。9. spend、cost、pay、take的区别 Sb. pay (sb. money) for sth. 某人为-付款 (pay宾语常为金钱或表代价的词, 可带双宾语)LiLei paid me five yuan for the knife. I have paid for the tickets. Sb. spend time / money (in) doing sth. 某人花费时间或金钱做某事 Sb. spend time / money on sth. 某人在某事物上花费时间或金钱 I spend half an hour (in) doing my homework every evening. He spent 20 yuan on the dictionary. Sth. cost (sb.) money 某物花费某人金钱或代价 (cost后面可带双宾语) The dictionary cost him 20 yuan.(=He paid 20yuan for the dictionary./ He spent 20 yuan on the dictionary) The dictionary costs 20 yuan. ( 问句：How much does the dictionary cost?) It + take + sb + some time + to do sth. 做某事花费某人时间或精力 (不定式真正主语，take 后面可带双宾语) It has taken him two months to get there. (=He has spent two months in getting there.)How long does it take to reach Beijing? Sb. + take + some time + to do sth. 某人花费时间/精力做某事 He took an hour to finish the work. = It took him an hour to finish the work. (=He spent an hour in finishing the work./ He spent an hour on the work.)说明：pay, spend常以人作主语；cost常以物作主语；take常以事情 (不定式)做真正主语（后置，it做形式主语）10. pleasant，pleased，pleasure的用法这组词都含有“满意、高兴”之意，但词性和用法各异。 1、pleasant意为“令人愉快的、满意的、舒适的、文雅的、和蔼的”，是个常用且含义广泛的形容词，一般作定语，当主语是物时，也可作表语。如： It is very pleasant to sit down after standing for hours站了几小时后坐下来很舒服。 2、pleased表示“自己感到高兴的、欣喜的、满意的”，作形容词用，指以任何方式表现出来或未表现出来的满足与快乐，一般作表语，常与不定式、介词短语或从句连用，说明原因，其主语必是人。 The two friends were very pleased to see each other again这两个朋友非常高兴再次见面。 I was pleased that the manager had decided not to be angry with me 3、pleasure作“高兴、快乐、娱乐”解时，是不可数名词；表示“乐趣、高兴的事”时是可数名词。在口语中，常用作回答感谢的客套语。 It's a pleasure to meet you很高兴见到你。 Thank you for your help感谢你的帮助。 It's a pleasure不用谢。二重点短语： 1. as far as _ 2. not - any more_ 3. millions of _ 4. run away _ 5. for a time _ 6. grow up _ 7. talk about _ 8. a cope of _ 9. get sth. right / wrong _10. think about doing _ 11. go on _ 12. sound like sth._ 13. works of literature _14. under the influence of - _15. be known as _ be known for _16. think of _ 17. an opinion of _ 18. go doing sth. _ 19. get lost _ 20. be afraid of - _ 21. be to do with sb. / sth. _ = have sth. to do with sb./ sth. 22. think sb. to do sth._23. make - into- _ 24. as well _ 25. even if _ 26. be pleased with sb._27. under the unfluence of _1. not - any more, no more 与not - any longer, no longer“不再”no longer = not any longer ; no more = not any more (no more 和 not any more 可以做宾语，no longer 不可以) not -any longer; no longer其确切含意为某状态在某时刻后不再继续了 (即指时间上不再延续)。Im not a student any longer. = I'm no longer a student. notany more; no more 侧重程度、数量或频率等方面不再发生了 You can't drink any more. = You can drink no more.注意：1. no longer，no more本身含有否定义，所以不能在同一个句子中加入否定词。 2. not - any longer 和 not any more 短语not用于句中any longer/more用于句尾。 no longer 常用于句中；no more常用于句尾。 2. go on doing, go on to do 与 go on with go on doing sth. 继续做(同一件)事情 v-ing动名词宾语(=go on with sth.)例：Jack got up quickly and went on running. go on to do sth. (某件事做完后)接着做另一件事 不定式目的状语 例：After listening to the music, he went on to write the words. go on with sth. 中间有暂停情况(接名/代词)，常与go on doing sth.互换 例：Lets go on with our study. 3. be famous as, be famous for 与be famous to be known as, be known for与be known to 与be famous as, be famous for 与be famous to类同be known as “作为-而出名，被称为，大家公认，叫作”，as介词后接身份、名称等词。Hainan Island is known as the Eastern Hawaii.be known for “因-而出名、着称”，for后面接成名的原因。Switzerland is known for its watches. be known to “对于-来说有名”，to后接闻名的受众。This kind of magazine is known to us all. 4. even if 与even though (even though=even if 引导条件句) even if 从句含更多的假定性(虚拟性)；even though从句含更多的实际性。E