专业八级模拟146(含详细解析).doc

MODEL TEST 6 TIME LIMIT 185 MIN. PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION 25 MIN. SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE after the mini-lecture. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. Now listen to the mini-lecture. In Sections B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your answer sheet. Note-taking SkillsNote-taking requires a high level of ability in many skills, particularly in the following four most important skills: 1. Understanding what the lecturer says as he says it.-A non-native speaker of English is usually under a strain for he may be unable to recognize words in speech which he understands in (1)_. (1)_He may not know the meaning of a new word. -A student should learn to infer the meaning of a new word from the context. -A student should (2)_ only on important points so that he can (2)_understand much of a lecture. 2. Deciding what is important. -Read the (3)_of a lecture carefully and understand its (3)_meaning, for it implies the major points of a lecture.-Pay attention to a lecturer's direct and indirect signals concerning what's important or unimportant. The direct signals are (4)_.The (4)_ indirect signals include (5)_, tempo, loudness and intonation of the (5)_ lecturer's speech. 3. Writing the main points quickly and clearly. -Using (6)_when writing. (6)_ Selecting words which give (7)_ information. (7)_ - Choosing the right moment to write notes. -Writing only one point on each line.-Listening attentively to the lecturer when such connectives as "however", "on the other hand" or "nevertheless" are uttered, for they often mean that new and (8)_information is to follow. (8)_ 4. Showing the relationship between the. various points he noted. This can be done by a (9)_ presentation. (9)_ Spacing and (10)_ are helpful in taking notes efficiently. (10)_SECTION B INTERVIEW Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview. 1. According to Bob, Sri Lanka is well-known for the following EXCEPT_. A. beach B. high mountains C. jungles D. waterfalls 2. What is the purpose of Bob's trip to Sri Lanka? A. To spend his holidays. B. To participate in a business negotiation. C. To meet his Australian friend there. D. To attract Sri Lankan students to undertake degree studies in Australia. 3. What are the students from Sri Lanka most interested in according to Bob? A. Accountancy and computing. B. Business and finance. C. Law and business. D. Architecture and engineering: 4. Which of the following is NOT TRUE of the current situation in Sri Lanka? A. Students have difficulty in finding jobs. B. There exists an internal strife. C. The economy is in a recession. D. The economy is developing rapidly. 5. What are the parents in Sri Lanka most concerned about if they send their children to Australia? A. Expenditure. B. Safety. C. Cultural difference. D. AccommodationSECTION C NEWS BROADCAST Questions 6 to 8 are based on the following news. At, the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question. Now listen to the news. 6. Who was found to be involved in the bombing of the National police headquarters? A. AI-Qaida. B. A militant group. C. The Muslim Brotherhood. D. A group of separatists. 7. Who were the majority of victims in the bombing on Wednesday? A. Civilians. B. Students. C. Government officials. D. Police officers. 8. According to Salah, continual terrorist attacks were caused by_. A. the secular criticism B. the religious criticism C. the anger over the government's corruption D. the antagonistic feelings against the West Questions 9 to 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question. Now listen to the news. 9. Sharon made a commitment three years ago that_. A. he would not harm Ararat B. he would withdraw his troops C. he would deal with the conflict between Israel and Palestine D. he would not overthrow Palestinian government 10. When did Sharon meet Bush and told Bush that he would release himself from the commitment? A. On April 14. B. Three years ago. C. Last Friday. D. A week ago.PART II READING COMPREHENSION 30 MIN. In this section there are several reading passages followed by a total of twenty multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.TEXT A (577 words) Under existing law, a new drug may be labeled, promoted, and advertised only for those conditions in which safety and effectiveness have been demonstrated and of which the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved, or so-called "approved uses." Other uses have come to be called "unapproved uses" and cannot be legally promoted. In a real sense, the term "unapproved' is a misnomer because it includes in one phrase two categories of marketed drugs that are very different; drugs which are potentially harmful and will never be approved, and already approved drugs that have "unapproved" uses. It is common for new research and new insights to demonstrate valid new uses for drugs already on the market. Also, there are numerous examples of medical progress resulting from the serendipitous observations and therapeutic innovations of physicians, both important methods of discovery in the field of therapeutics. Before such advances can result in new indications for inclusion in drug labeling, however, the available data must meet the legal standard of substantial evidence derived from adequate and well-controlled clinical trials. Such evidence may require time to develop, and, without initiative on the part of the drug firm, it may not occur at all for certain uses. However, because medical literature on new uses exists and these uses are medically beneficial, physicians often use these drugs for such purposes prior to FDA review or changes in labeling. This is referred to as "unlabeled uses" of drugs. A different problem arises when a particular use for a drug has been examined scientifically and has been found to be ineffective or unsafe, and yet physicians who either are uninformed or who refuse to accept the available scientific evidence continue to use the drug in this way. Such use may have been reviewed by the FDA and rejected, or, in some cases, the use may actually be warned against in the labeling. This subset of uses may be properly termed "disapproved uses." Government policy should minimize the extent of unlabeled uses. If such uses are valid-and many are- it is important that scientifically sound evidence supporting them be generated and that the regulatory system accommodate them into drug labeling. Continuing rapid advances in medical care and the complexity of drug usage, however, makes it impossible for the government to keep drug labeling up to date for every conceivable situation. Thus, when a particular use of this type appears, it is also important, and in the interest of good medical care, that no stigma be attached to "unapproved usage" by practitioners while the formal evidence is assembled between the time of discovery and the time the new use is included in the labeling. In the case of "disapproved uses," however, it is proper policy to warn against these in the package insert, whether use of a drug for these 'purposes by the uninformed or intransigent physician constitutes a violation of the current Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act is a matter of debate that involves a number of technical and legal issues. Regardless of that, the inclusion of disapproved uses in the form of contraindications, warnings and other precautionary statements in package inserts is an important practical deterrent to improper use. Except for clearly disapproved uses, however, it is in the best interests of patient care that physicians not be constrained by regulatory statutes from exercising their best judgment in prescribing a drug for both its approved uses and any unlabeled uses it may have.11. The author is primarily concerned with_. A. refuting a theory B. drawing a distinction C. discrediting an opponent D. condemning an error12. According to the passage, an unlabeled use of a drug is any use which_. A. has been reviewed by the FDA and specifically rejected B. has medical value but has not yet been approved by FDA for inclusion as a labeled use C. is authorized by the label as approved by the FDA on the basis of scientific studies D. is made in experiments designed to determine whether a drug is medically beneficial 13. It can be inferred from the passage that the intransigent physician_. A. continues to prescribe a drug even though he knows it is not in the best interests of the patient B. refuses to use a drug for an unlabeled purpose out of fear that he may be stigmatized by its use C. persists in using a drug for disapproved uses because he rejects the evidence of its ineffectiveness or dangers D. experiments with new uses for tested drugs in an attempt to find medically beneficial uses for the drugs 14. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for allowing unlabeled uses of drugs EXCEPT_. A. the increased cost to the patient of buying an FDA-approved drug B. the medical benefits which can accrue to the patient through unlabeled use C. the time lag between initial discovery of a medical use and FDA approval of that use . D. the possibility that a medically beneficial use may never be clinically documented TEXT B (342 words)The liberal view of democratic citizenship that developed in the 17(上标)th and 18(上标) th centuries was fundamentally different from that of the classical Greeks. The pursuit of private interests with as little interference as possible from government was seen as the road to human happiness and progress rather than the public obligations and involvement in the collective community that were emphasized by the Greeks. Freedom was to be realized by limiting the scope of governmental activity and political obligation and not through immersion in the collective life of the polls. The basic role of the citizen was to select governmental leaders and keep the powers and scope of public authority in check. On the liberal view, the rights of citizens against the state were the focus of special emphasis. Over time, the liberal democratic notion of citizenship developed in two directions. First, there was a movement to increase the proportion of members of society who were eligible to participate as citizens-especially through extending the right of suffrage-and to ensure the basic political equality of all. Second, there was a broadening of the legitimate activities of government and a use of governmental power to redress imbalances in social and economic life. Political citizenship became an instrument through which groups and classes with sufficient numbers of votes could use the state power to enhance their social and economic well-being. Within the general liberal view of democratic citizenship, tensions have developed over the degree to which government can and should be used as an instrument for promoting happiness and well-being. Political philosopher Martin Diamond has categorized two views of democracy as follows. On the one hand, there is the "libertarian" perspective that stresses the private pursuit of happiness and emphasizes the "task of the government to uplift and aid the common man against the malefactors of great wealth." The tensions between these two views are very evident today. Taxpayer revolts and calls for smaller government and less government regulation clash with demands for greater government involvement in the economic marketplace and the social sphere.15. The author's primary purpose is to _. A. study ancient concepts of citizenship B. contrast different notions of citizenship C. criticize modern libertarian democracy D. describe the importance of universal suffrage16. It can be inferred from the passage that the Greek word polis means _. A. family life B. military service C. marriage D. political community17. The author cites Martin Diamond because the author _. A. regards Martin Diamond as an authority on political philosophy B. wishes to refute Martin Diamond's views on citizenship C. needs a definition of the term "citizenship" D. is unfamiliar with the distinction between libertarian and majoritarian concepts of democracy18. According to the passage, all of the following are characteristics of the liberal idea of government that would distinguish the liberal idea of government EXCEPT_. A. the emphasis on the rights of private citizens B. the activities government may legitimately pursue C. the obligation of citizens to participate in government D. the size of the geographical area controlled by a governmentTEXT C (493 words) The mental health movement in the United States began with a period of considerable enlightenment. Dorothea Dix was shocked to find the mentally ill in jails and almshouses and crusaded for the establishment of asylums in which people could receive humane care in hospital-like environments and treatment which might help restore them to sanity. By the mid 1800s, 20 states had established asylums, but during the late 1800s and early 1900s, in the face of economic depression, legislatures were unable to appropriate sufficient funds for decent care. Asylums became overcrowded and prison-like. Additionally, patients were more resistant to treatment than the pioneers in the mental health field had anticipated, and security and restraint were needed to protect patients and others. Mental institutions became frightening and depressing places in which the rights of patients were all but forg