计算机系外文翻译历史的计算.doc

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系 别 计算机信息与技术系 专 业 计算机科学与技术 班 级 姓 名 学 号 外文出处 附 件 1. 原文； 2. 译文 2012年3月History of computingMain article: History of computing hardwareThe first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, a machine that carries out computations. Limited-function early computersThe Jacquard loom, on display at the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester, England, was one of the first programmable devices.The history of the modern computer begins with two separate technologies, automated calculation and programmability, but no single device can be identified as the earliest computer, partly because of the inconsistent application of that term. A few devices are worth mentioning though, like some mechanical aids to computing, which were very successful and survived for centuries until the advent of the electronic calculator, like the Sumerian abacus, designed around 2500 BC of which a descendant won a speed competition against a modern desk calculating machine in Japan in 1946, the slide rules, invented in the 1620s, which were carried on five Apollo space missions, including to the moon and arguably the astrolabe and the Antikythera mechanism, an ancient astronomical computer built by the Greeks around 80 BC. The Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria (c. 1070 AD) built a mechanical theater which performed a play lasting 10 minutes and was operated by a complex system of ropes and drums that might be considered to be a means of deciding which parts of the mechanism performed which actions and when. This is the essence of programmability.First general-purpose computersDuring the first half of the 20th century, many scientific computing needs were met by increasingly sophisticated analog computers, which used a direct mechanical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation. However, these were not programmable and generally lacked the versatility and accuracy of modern digital computers.Alan Turing is widely regarded as the father of modern computer science. In 1936 Turing provided an influential formalisation of the concept of the algorithm and computation with the Turing machine, providing a blueprint for the electronic digital computer. Of his role in the creation of the modern computer, Time magazine in naming Turing one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century, states: "The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine". EDSAC was one of the first computers to implement the stored-program (von Neumann) architecture.Die of an Intel 80486DX2 microprocessor (actual size: 12×6.75 mm) in its packaging.The first program-controlled computer was invented by Konrad Zuse, who built the Z3, an electromechanical computing machine, in 1941. The first programmable electronic computer was the Colossus, built in 1943 by Tommy Flowers.George Stibitz is internationally recognized as a father of the modern digital computer. While working at Bell Labs in November 1937, Stibitz invented and built a relay-based calculator he dubbed the "Model K" (for "kitchen table", on which he had assembled it), which was the first to use binary circuits to perform an arithmetic operation. Later models added greater sophistication including complex arithmetic and programmability. A succession of steadily more powerful and flexible computing devices were constructed in the 1930s and 1940s, gradually adding the key features that are seen in modern computers. The use of digital electronics (largely invented by Claude Shannon in 1937) and more flexible programmability were vitally important steps, but defining one point along this road as "the first digital electronic computer" is difficult. Notable achievements include. Konrad Zuse's electromechanical "Z machines". The Z3 (1941) was the first working machine featuring binary arithmetic, including floating point arithmetic and a measure of programmability. In 1998 the Z3 was proved to be Turing complete, therefore being the world's first operational computer.The non-programmable AtanasoffBerry Computer (commenced in 1937, completed in 1941) which used vacuum tube based computation, binary numbers, and regenerative capacitor memory. The use of regenerative memory allowed it to be much more compact than its peers (being approximately the size of a large desk or workbench), since intermediate results could be stored and then fed back into the same set of computation elements.The secret British Colossus computers (1943), which had limited programmability but demonstrated that a device using thousands of tubes could be reasonably reliable and electronically reprogrammable. It was used for breaking German wartime codes.The Harvard Mark I (1944), a large-scale electromechanical computer with limited programmability.The U.S. Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory ENIAC (1946), which used decimal arithmetic and is sometimes called the first general purpose electronic computer (since Konrad Zuse's Z3 of 1941 used electromagnets instead of electronics). Initially, however, ENIAC had an inflexible architecture which essentially required rewiring to change its programming.Stored-program architectureSemiconductors and microprocessorsComputers using vacuum tubes as their electronic elements were in use throughout the 1950s, but by the 1960s had been largely replaced by semiconductor transistor-based machines, which were smaller, faster, cheaper to produce, required less power, and were more reliable. The first transistorised computer was demonstrated at the University of Manchester in 1953. In the 1970s, integrated circuit technology and the subsequent creation of microprocessors, such as the Intel 4004, further decreased size and cost and further increased speed and reliability of computers. By the late 1970s, many products such as video recorders contained dedicated computers called microcontrollers, and they started to appear as a replacement to mechanical controls in domestic appliances such as washing machines. The 1980s witnessed home computers and the now ubiquitous personal computer. With the evolution of the Internet, personal computers are becoming as common as the television and the telephone in the household.Modern smartphones are fully programmable computers in their own right, and as of 2009 may well be the most common form of such computers in existenc.历史的计算主要文章:计算机硬件的历史 在第一次使用“计算机”这个词被记录在1613年,指的是对一个人进行了计算,或计算,与词的意思相同,直到继续20世纪中期。19世纪末开始其更熟悉的含义,一个机器进行计算。Limited-function早期计算机 雅卡尔的展览上,在科学工业博物馆在曼彻斯特,是英国最早的一种可编程设备。 现代计算机的历史开始于两个独立的技术,自动计算和可编程,但没有一种单一的设备可以看成是最早的电脑,部分的原因是由于不应用那个术语。一些设备值得一提的是,虽然喜欢一些机械复制计算,很成功,并且存活了几个世纪,来临的电子计算器,像苏美尔算盘,大约在公元前2500年左右的设计赢得竞争的后代对现代书桌速度计算机器在1946年日本滑动规则,起源于1620年代,进行了五阿波罗太空机构,包括月球等机制,一个古老的天文计算机建造大约在公元前80年的希腊人。亚历山大的希腊数学家的英雄(公元前10 -公元70年)建造了一个机械剧院演了一出剧的持续10分钟的时间,是一个复杂的旋转系统操作的绳索和桶,可能会被认为是一种手段决定的哪个部位进行行为和机理的时候。这是可编程的本质。 第一次通用计算机 在20世纪初,许多科学计算需要受到了越来越复杂的模拟计算机,它通过直接机械或电气模型为基础计算问题。然而,这不是编程,通常缺乏的通用性和准确性的现代数字计算机。 阿兰·图灵就被广泛认为是现代计算机科学之父。在1936年提供了一个有影响力的正规化涂林的概念和计算方法与涂林机器,提供电子数字计算机的蓝图。他的角色在创作现代计算机的时候,时代杂志在20世纪命名图灵的100位最具影响力的人物之一,声明:“事实是,每个人在一个键盘,打开水龙头电子数据表或一个字处理程序,正在涂林的化身”。这Zuse虚拟的某种知识世界,1941年,被认为是世界上的第一个工作可编程、全自动计算机器。EDSAC是其中第一个计算机来实现stored-program(冯。诺依曼)的建筑。 一个英特尔80486 DX2微处理器(实际尺寸:12×6.75毫米),在它的包装。 第一个程控计算机发明的康拉德祖萨、谁建的虚拟的某种知识世界,机电一体化计算机器,在1941年。第一个可编程电子计算机是庞然大物,始建于1943年由汤米·花朵。 乔治是国际公认的父亲的现代数字计算机。在工作时,在贝尔实验室在1937年11月,Stibitz发明,搭建了一个基于继电器的计算器他称为“模型K”(“厨房桌子”,但他聚集它),这是第一个使用二进制电路执行算术运算。最近的模型更大的复杂性增加包括复杂的算术和可编程。一个接一个的稳定更强大和灵活的计算装置建于1940年代和1930年代,逐渐增加的主要特点是出现在现代的计算机。使用数码电子(主要是在1937年发明的克劳德夏侬)和更灵活的可编程是至关重要的步骤,但确定一个点沿着这条道路是“第一个电子数字计算机”是困难的。显著的成果包括。 康拉德·祖萨机电“Z机器”。这个虚拟的某种知识世界(1941)是第一个以二进制算术工作机,包括浮点运算和可编程的一个衡量标准。在1998年,虚拟的某种知识世界被证明是图灵完整,因此被世界上第一个操作电脑。 可编程的的计算机(开始于1937年,在1941年完成)采用真空管基础计算、二进制数字,和蓄热式电容器的记忆。使用蓄热式记忆允许他的作品被更紧凑的比它的同行出色(正在约的体积有一个大桌子或平台,因为中间结果可以存储,然后反馈到相同的一组计算元素。 英国的秘密"巨神像"电脑(1943年),有限但显示装置可编程使用成千上万的管可以合理可靠和电子系统中可编程门。它是用来破坏德国战时的代码。 哈佛马克一世(1944年),一个大型机电式计算机有限的可编程。 半导体和微处理器 计算机使用真空管为其在使用电子元件在整个1950年代,但到了1960年代已经很大程度地取代了半导体的电晶体的机械,这些机械是更小,更快,更便宜的生产,需要更少的电力,并且他们也更可在1970年代,集成电路技术和随后而来的微处理器,如英特尔4004,进一步减少体积和成本,进一步提高计算机的速度和可靠性。在1970年代晚期,许多产品,如录像机专用电脑中被称为微控制器,他们开始出现在更换到机械控制家电如洗衣机。在1980年代产生了家用电脑和现在到处都个人计算机。因特网的进化,个人电脑将成为一般的电视和电话的家务活动。 现代智能手机完全可编程计算机在他们自己的权力,在2009年很可能是最常见的计算机在手机等。